ORGANIC EVOLUTION 371 



offers a possible suggestion. Osborn (1910) has pointed out 

 that ''The only known Miocene and Pliocene primate which 

 might be considered an 'EoHth' maker is Dryopithecus; all 

 others belong to existing phyla of monkeys, baboons, and 

 apes." Palaeontological discoveries have supplied the line 

 of genealogy of several families of mammals, and if, on this 

 basis, we assume that man and the anthropoid apes had a 

 generalized ancestor, it is nevertheless clear that the human 

 and the simian lines have had an independent development 

 for many centuries. There has been no crossing of the lines 

 since tertiary times. 



Fig. I II. — Profile Reconstructions of the Skulls of Living and 

 Fossil Men: i. Brachycephalic European; 2. The more ancienc 

 of the Nebraska skulls; 3. The Neanderthal man; 4. One of the 

 Spy skulls; 5. Skull of the Java man. (Altered from Schwalbe 

 and Osborn.) 



The derivation of man from an extinct tertiary Primate 

 seems already to be well authenticated. Furthermore, the 

 fossil records give evidence of the conditions under which the 

 development of the higher races of animals began. By mak- 

 ing casts of the interior of the fossil skulls of tertiary mam- 



