3 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



Preface xv 



I. The Nature of Life and of Living Material i 



The Nature of Science i 



The Science of Biology 2 

 Life 



Irritability — Contractility — Growth and Repair — Repro- 

 duction — Organization and Correlation 



Mechanism and Vitalism 5 



Nature of Matter 6 



Elements — Molecules — Organic Compounds 



Solutions II 



Ions II 



Reactions 11 



Acids and Bases 12 



Compounds in Living Matter 13 



Life as a Chemical Process 16 



Energy 17 



Energy and Life 18 



Physical Structure of Protoplasm 19 



Colloids IQ 

 Surface Phenomena 

 Surfaces in Protoplasm 

 Surface Tension 



Electrical Charges at Surfaces 24 



Protoplasm as a Reaction System 25 



Life and Machines 26 



General Considerations 26 



Suggested Readings 27 



II. The Cell. Its Nature, Function' of Its Parts, and Its 



Source of Energy 29 



Structure of the Cell 29 



Shape of Cells 31 



Function of Cell Structures 31 



The Cell Boundary 32 



21 

 21 

 22 



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