ANTHROCOSIS 



15 



ANTIGENS, HISTOCHEMICAL 



leased before withdrawing the trocar. 

 Trouble may be encountered in pre- 

 venting the escape of soft, slippery 

 tissues such as embryonic brain. This 

 difficulty may be circumvented by in- 

 cising the iris as well as the cornea at 

 the limbus and directing the trocar 

 behind the superior half of the iris, 

 through the pupil and into the inferior 

 portion of the anterior chamber. With 

 withdrawal of the trocar, the fragment 

 is almost invariably caught at the 

 pupillary border and retained in the 

 chamber. 



The tissue concerned may be trans- 

 planted immediately or stored at ice- 

 box temperature for several days before 

 use. It is essential that the material 

 be free of infection and that surgical 

 sterility be maintained throughout all 

 manipulations. 



Aside from careful technique, the 

 success or failure of anterior chamber 

 transfer depends on the nature of the 

 tissue used and the species of the re- 

 cipient host. Adult, embryonic and 

 cancer tissues grow on homologous 

 transfer, while benign tumors and pre- 

 cancerous tissues fail to survive, and 

 heterologous transfer is successful only 

 in the case of embryonic tissue and 

 cancer. In the selection of recipient 

 species for the heterologous transplan- 

 tation of cancer, it should be noted that 

 transfer between species with the same 

 type of Vitamin C metabolism (man 

 and guinea pig) is comparatively easy, 

 while transfer between species with 

 different types (man and mouse) is 

 difficult. 



Takes are first recognized by increase 

 in size and vascularization of the trans- 

 planted fragment. The time required 

 varies within wide limits; 1 day in the 

 case of homologous embyronic tissues 

 and 3 months in the case of a hetero- 

 logous glioblastoma multiforme. In 

 the former instance, the growing trans- 

 plant may fill the chamber in a week 

 while in the latter, 6 to 8 months may 

 be required. Serial transfer is readily 

 effected with fragments of the first 

 generation growth. For details see 

 Greene, H. S. N., Cancer Res., 1943, 3, 

 809-822; 1947, 7, 491-501, and Yale J. 

 Biol. & Med., 1950, 6, 611-620. 



Anthracosis. The deposition of carbon, 

 usually in lungs and mediastinal lymph 

 nodes, distinguished by its resistance 

 to solvents and bleaching agents and 

 by its blackness. See Carbon. 



Anthrapurpurin, see Alizarin SX. 



Anthraquinone Dyes. Derivatives of an- 

 thracene through anthraquinone. Acid 

 alizarin blue GR and BB, alizarin, 

 alizarin red S, purpurin. 



Antibiotics, influence on dehydrogenase. 

 Systems of bacteria, see Triphenyl- 

 tetrazolium Chloride. 



Anticoagulant Solutions have been very care- 

 fully studied by Leichsenring, J. M., 

 et al., J. Lab. & Clin. Med., 1939-40, 25, 

 35-44. They found that 1.6% potassium 

 oxalate prepared from dried salt is most 

 nearly isotonic for human blood. Win- 

 trobe, M. M., Clinical Hematology, 

 Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1942, 792 

 pp. advises 0.06 gms. of ammonium 

 oxalate and 0.04 gms. of potassium oxa- 

 late for 5 cc. of blood. He dissolves 1.2 

 gm. ammonium oxalate and 0.8 gm. 

 potassium oxalate in 100 cc. aq. dest. 

 and adds 1 cc. formalin to prevent de- 

 terioration. Then he measures out with 

 a burette 0.5 cc. into each of the con- 

 tainers and lets it dry before taking into 

 each 5 cc. of fresh blood. Heparin is 

 also advised but it is much more expen- 

 sive. 0.075 gm. will prevent coagula- 

 tion of 5 cc. of blood. See citrate. 



Antigens, Histochemical Identification Of — 

 Written by A. H. Coons, Dept. of Bac- 

 teriology and Immunology, Harvard 

 Medical School, Boston, August 31, 

 1951 — The localization of antigenic 

 substances in tissue cells can be carried 

 out by the use of specific antibody con- 

 jugated with fluorescein. The method 

 furnishes a means for localization and 

 identification with all the specificity of 

 immune reactions. Suitably prepared 

 tissue sections containing an antigenic 

 substance which it is desired to study 

 are flooded with a solution containing 

 antibodies against the substance pre- 

 viously conjugated with fluorescein 

 isocyanate. The antibody molecules 

 precipitate over those sites in the tissue 

 section containing the specific antigen, 

 the excess of fluorescent proteins is 

 washed away, and the tissue section 

 mounted in glycerol. When examined 

 under the fluorescence microscope, the 

 brilliant yellow-green fluorescence of 

 fluorescein is visible over those areas 

 where the immune reaction has taken 

 place. 



The preparation and assay of immune 

 sera is described in standard works on 

 immunology. Two such recent ones 

 are Kabat, E. A., and Mayer, M. 

 M., Experimental Immunochemistry, 

 Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1948; 

 Boyd, W. C., Fundamentals of Im- 

 munology, 2nd Edition, Interscience, 

 New York, 1947. Whenever possible, 

 it is best to start with a purified antigen, 

 since antibodies against any impurities 

 present in the material injected may be 

 represented by antibody in the result- 

 ing serum. These antibodies against 

 biological impurities may react in tissue 



