BONE MARROW 



50 



BOTANICAL TECHNIQUE 



checking by microscopic examination 

 until some areas are definite violet azur, 

 others lighter or colorless. Wash in tap 

 water 24 hrs. Stain in 100 cc. aq. dest. 

 + 2-3 drops 1% aq. eosin 1-2 days 

 (uncolored areas become dark rose 

 color). Dehydrate, clear in xylol and 

 mount in balsam. Old bone azur; new- 

 bone bright rose (Belloni, L., Arch. 

 Ital. Anat. e Istol. Path., 1939, 10, 

 622) . See Madder staining of new bone, 

 Alizarin Red S staining of dentine, 

 various tests for Calcium, and Ossifica- 

 tion, Line Test for vitamin D potency. 

 Polarized light is excellent for the 

 demonstration of bone camellae. 



The micro-diffraction technique per- 

 mits obtaining diffraction patterns of 

 small areas such as a single Haversian 

 system. Using it Enstrom, A. and 

 Zetterstrora, R., Exp. Cell Res., 1951, 

 2, 268-274, found that the orientation 

 of mineral salts is relatively unchanged 

 in different physiological conditions. 

 Bone Marrow. Microscopic examination of 

 bone marrow in vivo has not been 

 achieved because of the obvious techni- 

 cal difficulties involved. The best that 

 can be done is to study still living cells 

 removed from bone marrow unstained 

 or supravi tally stained. The methods 

 are essentially the same as for blood. 

 From humans samples can be obtained 

 by sternal puncture (Young, R. H. and 

 Osgood, E. E., Arch. Int. Med., 1935, 

 55, 186-203, and many others). Pri- 

 mitive cells of the erythrocytic and 

 leucocytic series can only be identified 

 when hemoglobin and specific granules 

 respectively appear within them. Mi- 

 crochemical tests for Hemoglobin should 

 be more used. For the granules the 

 methods of Giemsa, Wright, Ehrlich 

 and others are the best available. 

 Special techniques have been described 

 for Megakaryocytes particularly in rela- 

 tion to platelet formation. The normal 

 megakaryocyte concentration is as- 

 pirated human bone marrow is described 

 by Ebaugh, F. G. Jr. and Bird, R. M., 

 Blood, 1951, 6, 75-80. To demonstrate 

 the vascular pattern special methods 

 are required (Doan, C. A., Johns Hop- 

 kins Hosp. Bull., 1922, 33, 222-226). 

 To reveal the nerve supply is par- 

 ticularly difficult. Glaser (W., Ztsch. 

 f. Anat. u. Entw., 1928, 87, 741-745) has 

 described a fine network accompanying 

 the vessels but Doan and Langworthy 

 (Downey, p. 1852) were less successful. 

 Sternal bone marrow during first week 

 of life (Shapiro, L. M., and Bessen, F. 

 A., Am. J. Med. Sci., 1941, 202, 341- 

 354). Bone marrow of normal adults 

 (Plum, CM., Acta Med. Scand., 1941, 

 107, 11-52). See chapters by Sabin and 



Miller and by Doan in Downey's Hand- 

 book of Hematology, New York, 

 Hoeber, 1938, 3, 1791-1961 for details. 

 A method for studying numerical and 

 topographic problems in the whole 

 femoral marrow of rats and guinea pigs, 

 with the use of undecalcified sections 

 (Mayer, E. and Ruzicka, A. Q., Anat. 

 Rec, 1945, 93, 213-231). A technique 

 for the quantitative estimation of mast 

 cells in bone marrow is advanced by 

 Mota, Ivan, Blood, 1951, 6, 81-83. 



Borax Carmine (Grenacher). Make con. 

 sol. of carmine in borax (2-3% carmine 

 in 4% aq. borax) by boiling for 30 min. 

 Allow to stand 2-3 days with occasional 

 stirring. Dilute with equal volume 70% 

 ale, again allow to stand and filter. 

 Much used for staining tissues in bulk. 

 They are colored for days if necessary, 

 transferred directly to acid ale. (70% 

 ale. 100 cc, hydrochloric acid 4 drops) 

 in which they assume a bright red trans- 

 parent appearance. Then wash in alco- 

 hol, mount as whole specimens or embed 

 in paraffin and cut sections. Borax 

 carmine can also be employed to stain 

 sections (Lee, p. 146). 



Borax Ferricyanide, see Weigert's. 



Bordeaux, see Amaranth. 



Bordeaux Red (CI, 88) — acid Bordeaux, 

 archelline 2B, azo-Bordeaux, cerasin R, 

 fast red B, BN or P — An acid mono-azo 

 dye very widely employed in histology. 



Bordeaux SF, see Amaranth. 



Boron, see Atomic Weights. 



Borrel Bodies (Bollinger bodies) in fowl pox. 

 References to earlier staining methods 

 and directions for applying the microin- 

 cineration technique with figures show- 

 ing the comparative results are given by 

 Danks, W. B. C, Am. J. Path., 1932, 8, 

 711-716. See microincineration of Mol- 

 luscum bodies (Van Rooyen, C. E., J. 

 Path. & Bact., 1939, 49, 345-349). 



Borrelia Vincenti, see Vincent's Angina. 



Borrel's Stain. Fix in osmic acid, 2 gm.; 

 platinum chloride, 2 gms. ; chromic acid, 

 3 gm. ; glacial acetic acid, 20 cc. and aq. 

 dest., 350 cc. for 24 hrs. Wash in run- 

 ning water several hours. Dehydrate, 

 clear, embed and section. Stain sections 

 in l%aq. magenta Ihr. Then in sat. aq. 

 indigo-carmine, 2 parts and sat. aq. 

 picric acid, 1 part. Wash in ale, dehy- 

 drate, clear and mount. The above has 

 been partly taken from Lee's Vade 

 Mecum, p. 433. Other more convenient 

 fixatives will do equally well. The stain 

 has been used for the Borrel bodies in 

 fowl pox. 



Botanical Technique. Many of the methods 

 used in animal histology are applicable 

 also in plant histology and vice versa. 

 Details are given in a chapter by W. R. 



