CALCOZINE RED CG 



55 



CANNULAS 



1924, 1, 125-132 has proposed a blue 

 color reaction with trioxymethylene and 

 gallic acid. In comparison with calcium 

 strontium and barium show green, mag- 

 nesium rose and iron brownish violet. 

 See Lillie p. 251 for details. 



6. With magnesium, but free from all 

 other minerals in muscle, by electron 

 microscope (Scott, G. H. and Packer, 

 D. M., Anat. Rec, 1939, 74, 17-45). 



7. Sulfuric and oxalic acid. Lillie (p. 

 251) refers to the granular, opaque and 

 white appearance of unstained calcium 

 deposits. If the material is mounted 

 under a cover glass in water and sulfuric 

 acid is drawn through by removal of 

 water from one side with filter paper the 

 deposits dissolve but colorless mono- 

 clinic calcium sulphate (gypsum) crys- 

 tals are formed while if 5-10% oxalic 

 acid is used typical cubic calcium 

 oxalate crystals appear. Carbonates, 

 on the contrary, are dissolved by run- 

 ning through acetic acid with the forma- 

 tion of gas bubbles. Phosphates are 

 dissolved by the acetic acid without 

 gas bubbles. The development of these 

 crystalline calcium salts is of course 

 specific. 



8. Microincineration. To distinguish 

 between the dense white ashes of cal- 

 cium and magnesium it is suggested that 

 a "microdrop" of 0.1 N hydrochloric 

 acid be added, plus a similar drop of 

 0.1 N sulphuric acid in order to produce 

 needle like calcium sulphate crystals 

 (Moreau, P., Bull, histol. appl. physiol. 

 et path, et tech. microscop., 1931, 8, 

 245-248). As follow up on the above 

 microchemical methods a curvette 

 colorimetric by Sendary, J. Jr., J. Biol. 

 Chem., 1942, 144, 243-258; 1944, 152, 

 539-556 and a titrimetric technique by 

 Sobel, A. E. and Kaye, I. A., Ind. Eng. 

 Chem., and Ed., 1940, 12, 118-120 are 

 possibilities. By the latter as little as 

 4 Mgm. of calcium can be measured in 

 a 5 ml. burette. See Glick, p. 273. 



Calcozine Red CG, see Rhodamine CC. 



Camphor, see Sandarac. 



Camsal is a mixture of camphor and salol 

 used by McClung in making San- 

 darac. 



Canada Balsam, see Balsam. 



Canary Yellow, see Auramin. 



Cancer. Because cancer and other malig- 

 nant tumors can develop in so many 

 organs and tissues that contain inter- 

 mitotic or reverting postmitotic cells 

 (Cell Classification), techniques de- 

 signed to compare the malignant cells 

 with their non-malignant prototypes 

 are altogether too numerous to mention. 

 They will be found under the several 

 tissues: Pancreas, Connective Tissue 

 and so forth. 



There is no known technique which 

 will reveal a structure or a substance in 

 cancer cells wholly absent in normal 

 cells of the sort from which the particu- 

 lar cancer cells have originated. 

 Neither can the reverse be demon- 

 strated, that is something absent in 

 cancer cells and present in normal ones. 

 Available methods are only capable of 

 demonstrating quantitative differences 

 in properties exhibited by normal and 

 malignant cells. Properties of cancer 

 cells have been systematically reviewed 

 by Cowdry, E. V., Arch. Path., 1940, 

 30, 1245-1274. Yet the Dopa Reaction 

 is of service in diagnosis of Melano- 

 carcinoma. 



Frequently it is helpful to excise can- 

 cers and transplant them into other 

 situations such as the Anterior Chamber 

 of the Eye where they can conveniently 

 be studied. The Tissue Culture 

 method is of great service, likewise 

 Motion Pictures made of cancer cells. 

 The most recently developed line of 

 investigation is by Radioactive Isotopes. 

 See also Papanicolaou Techniques. 



Candida Albicans. Method for demonstrat- 

 ing this parasite with fat soluble dyes 

 in frozen sections by Fuentes, C, J. 

 Bact., 1946, 51, 245-246. 



Cannulas. Glass cannulas are required for 

 insertion into blood vessels in the Per- 

 fusion technique. To make one of about 

 the size for guinea pig's thoracic aorta 

 file and break 6 mm. outside, 4 mm. 

 inside diameter soft glass tubes into 

 pieces about 15 cm. long. (Pyrex of 

 this size will do. It requires a little 

 more heating.) Take one of these, 

 place middle in gas flame rotating it so 

 as to heat it evenly. When fairly soft 

 remove from the flame, draw the ends 

 apart to a distance of about 50 cm. and 

 hold until solid. File and break in the 

 middle. With a little practice this will 

 give two tubes, each tapering evenly 

 from the 6 mm. outside diameter to 

 about 2-3 mm. within a distance of 

 approximately 3 cm. Next bring the 

 tube where it has a diameter of 2-3 mm. 

 near to a fine flame, like that of a small 

 alcohol lamp. Let it get soft and pull 

 just enough to produce a slight narrow- 

 ing to be used later to prevent the 

 thread employed to tie the cannula in 

 the vessel from slipping. Then fracture 

 with file and break off the thin end 

 about 4 mm. beyond the constriction 

 and distant from the wide part of the 

 tube. If this break can be made at an 

 acute angle to the length of the tube, so 

 much the better; because then one rim 

 of the small end of the tube will project 

 out beyond the rest which will facilitate 

 its insertion into the vessel to be cannu- 



