CARRUTHERS 



62 



CASPERSSON 



Carruthers, see Oxidation Reduction Poten- 

 tial, Vitamins. 



Cartesian Diver Manometry, see detailed 

 description of apparatus and technique 

 by Glick, pp. 342-393. 



Cartilage. This is one of the most awkward 

 tissues of the body to examine in the 

 living state because of the mechanical 

 difficulties involved in separating its 

 component parts sufficiently thinly for 

 examination at high magnification in 

 approximately isotonic media. But the 

 differentiation of cartilage in tissue 

 cultures has been studied to advantage 

 (Fell, H. B., Arch. f. exper. Zellf., 

 1929, 7, 390-412) and an account of the 

 direct investigation of living cartilage 

 in Sandison transparent chambers in- 

 serted in the ears of rabbits (Clark, E. 

 R., and E. L., Am. J. Amt., 1942, 70, 

 167-200) sounds very promising. The 

 varieties of cartilage (hyaline, articular, 

 elastic and fibrous) depend upon the 

 quantitative and qualitative differences 

 in the three chief components — cells, 

 fibers and ground substance. 



When the cartilage is fixed to bone, 

 which is also to appear in the sections, 

 it is obviously necessary to employ 

 decalcification, see Bone. Otherwise 

 cut thin slices, 2-4 mm. thick, and fix by 

 immersion. Fixation by perfusion is 

 not a great help because cartilage is 

 practically avascular. The choice of 

 fixatives and stains will depend upon 

 what it is desired to demonstrate. For 

 routine purposes Zenker's Fluid is 

 satisfactory followed by coloration of 

 paraffin sections with Hematoxylin and 

 Eosin or Mallory's Connective Tissue 

 stain. But many prefer Celloidin sec- 

 tions. Resorcin Fuchsin is recom- 

 mended for the elastic fibers of the 

 matrix. Since the fibers are somewhat 

 obscured by the ground substance in 

 hyaline cartilage dark field and polarized 

 light may be useful as employed by 

 Lubosch, W., Zeit. f. mikr. Anat., 

 Forsch., 1927, 11, 67-171. A paper by 

 Dawson, A. B., and Spark, C, Am. J. 

 Anat., 1928, 42, 109-137 also contains 

 useful information. If it is desired to 

 show the Golgi apparatus in the cells 

 follow the technique used by Fell, H. 

 B., J. Morph., 1925, 40, 417-459. See 

 Chondriotin Sulphuric Acid and Phos- 

 phatase as components of cartilage. 

 The specific staining of cartilage cells 

 with crystal violet has been reported by 

 Hass, G. M., Arch. Path., 1942, 33, 

 174-181. The characteristic basophilia 

 of the ground substance is the basis for 

 the following excellent method for the 

 demonstration of cartilage in whole 

 mounts. 



Van Wijhe^s methylene blue (Noback, 



G. J., Anat. Rec, 1916-17, 11, 292-294). 

 This, by demonstrating cartilage in blue 

 in transparent whole mounts, supple- 

 ments very nicely the vital coloration of 

 growing bone by Madder feeding or 

 Alizarin injections. Use embryos, or 

 bones of young animals like rats or mice, 

 long bones, ribs, chrondocranium, etc. 

 Fix in 10% formalin a day or more. 1% 

 hydrochloric acid in 67% alcohol several 

 days or a week. Same solution + 0.25% 

 methylene blue or toluidin blue 1 or 2 

 weeks until thoroughly stained. De- 

 colorize in Acid Alcohol. Change alco- 

 hol when it becomes much colored or 

 every 1 or 2 days. Continue until only 

 the cartilage retains deep blue color. 

 Wash several days in 82% ale. Dehy- 

 drate in 95% and abs. Equal parts abs. 

 and benzene. Benzene change twice. 

 Leave in this or mount in xylene damar 

 which is better than balsam because of 

 its light color. 



R(^ioactive gold distribution in carti- 

 lage (Ekholm, R., Acta Anat., 1951, 

 Suppl. 15 to 11, 75 pp., a first rate study 

 especially on the knee joint). 



Cartilaginous Skeleton of mammalian fe- 

 tuses. A modification of the Wijhe, 

 Lundvall and Schultze techniques used 

 in the Department of Embryology, 

 Carnegie Institution of Washington is 

 given by Miller, C. H., Anat. Rec, 

 1921, 20, 415-419. Wash formalin fixed 

 material over night in water plus few 

 drops ammonia. Transfer to 70% alco- 

 hol and leave 7-14 days changing alcohol 

 daily for first five. Stain for 3-10 days 

 in: toluidin blue (Grubler), 1 gm.; 

 70% alcohol, 400 cc; and hydrochloric 

 acid, 4 cc. Decolorize for 7-10 days 

 until decolorizer is but slightly tinged 

 with the dye in: 70% alcohol, 100 cc. 

 plus hydrochloric acid, 1 cc. Then 80% 

 and 95% alcohol, 3 days each. Transfer 

 to 2% potassium hydroxide, in aq. 

 dest. and leave 2-3 days until cleared. 

 Change to 20, 40, 60, and 80% glycerin 

 in aq. dest. 2 days or more in each. 

 Store or mount in pure glycerin plus few 

 crystals of thymol. Obviously length 

 of times depends chiefly upon size of 

 specimen. This staining of cartilage 

 with toluidin blue can be combined with 

 the coloration of bone with Alizarin 

 Red S to make very contrasty prepara- 

 tions (Williams, T. W., Stain Techn., 

 1941, 16, 23-25). 



Carycinel Red is l-amylaminoanthraqui- 

 none, an oil soluble dye, recommended 

 by Lillie, R. D. Stain Techn., 1945, 20, 

 73-75 as a stain for fat which it colors 

 deep red. Employ as described for 

 Coccinel Red. 



Caryospora, see Coccidia. 



Caspersson, see Absorption Spectra. 



