CASEATION 



63 



CELL MEASUREMENT 



Caseation (L. caseus, cheese). This change 

 follows local Necrosis. It is charac- 

 terized by grayish or light yellow cheesy 

 masses of tissue which look amorphous 

 and have lost their original structure. 

 Identification is morphological. Almost 

 any good staining method is satisfactory. 

 In some cases fibrin is present. 



Cason, see Mallory-Heidenhain Rapid One- 

 Step Stain for Connective Tissue. 



Catalase. Method for demonstration in 

 elementary bodies of vaccine virus 

 (Macfarlane, M. G., and Salaman, M. 

 H., Brit. J. Exp. Path., 1938, 19, 184; 

 Hoagland, C. L. et al., J. Exp. Med., 

 1942, 76, 163-173). See Holter, H. and 

 Doyle, W. L., J. Cell Comp. Physiol., 

 1938, 12, 295-308. 



Cataphoresis. Most solid particles sus- 

 pended in water move under electric 

 stress. A positively charged one moves 

 toward the cathode and a negatively 

 charged one toward the anode. Micro- 

 cataphoretic cells are employed to de- 

 termine and measure the movement 

 which obviously has an important 

 bearing on bacterial agglutination. 

 Electrophoresis is a better term than 

 cataphoresis. (Holmes, H. N. in Glas- 

 ser's Medical Physics, 257-263) see 

 Coagulation. 



Cataract, see Optic Lens. 



Cathepsin. A method for analysis of 

 cathepsin in lymphocytes and poly- 

 morphonuclear leucocytes (neutro- 

 philes) is given by Barnes, J. M., Brit. 

 J. Exp. Path., 1940, 21, 264-275. 



Cebione, see Vitamin C. 



Cedar Oil, see Clearing, Immersion Oils 

 and Mounting. 



Celestin Blue B (CI, 900)— coreine 2R— A 

 basic quinone-imine dye employed by 

 Proescher, F. and Arkush, A. S., Stain 

 Techn., 1928, 3, 28-38 and by Lendrum, 

 H. C, J. Path. & Bact., 1935, 40, 41&- 

 416 as a nuclear stain. 



Cell Classification according to manner of 

 life. lutermitotic cells live from the 

 mitosis which gives them birth to the 

 mitosis by which they divide to produce 

 two other cells. They thus cease life as 

 individuals by division not by ageing, 

 degeneration and death. There are 2 

 kinds of intermitotic cells: First, the 

 vegetative intermitotics some of which 

 continue a sort of vegetative life con- 

 stituting a reservoir of undifferentiated 

 cells on which the body can draw in 

 some cases as long as it lives. They are 

 found in the epidermis bone marrow 

 and other places. Second, the differ- 

 entiating intermitotics, which exist in 

 series, one building up a certain degree 

 of differentiation, which, when it di- 

 vides, it passes on to its daughter cells. 

 The progeny of these daughter cells 



differentiate still further and pass on 

 this higher level of specialization to 

 their successors. Good examples are 

 myeloblasts and myelocytes in leuco- 

 cytogenesis. But the first differentiat- 

 ing intermitotic in any line of differen- 

 tiation is produced by division of a 

 vegetative intermitotic. One of the 

 daughter cells of this division, or in 

 some instances both daughter cells from 

 mitosis of a dividing vegetative inter- 

 mitotic, achieve no further differentia- 

 tion than their parent cells, for 

 otherwise the reservoir of vegetative 

 intermitotics would not be maintained 

 but would differentiate itself out of 

 existence. 



Postmitotic cells, on the other hand, 

 are cells whose lives are postmitotic in 

 the sense that they perform their duty, 

 age and die. They are the culminations 

 of the various lines of differentiation. 

 Again, two sorts are recognizable: 

 First the reverting postmitotics, which 

 are capable of full functional activity 

 and usually go on to death, yet, on 

 occasion, some of which can revert and 

 divide. Hepatic and renal cells are 

 examples. Second, the fixed postmi- 

 totics, which are different insofar that 

 they are incapable of mitosis so that 

 aging and death is for them inevitable 

 as for instance nerve cells of adults, 

 sperms and polymorphonuclear neutro- 

 phile leucocytes. In contrast with the 

 other 3 kinds these fixed postmitotics 

 have lost the potentiality of malignant 

 transformation (Cowdry, E. V., Prob- 

 lems of Aging. Baltimore, Williams 

 & Wilkins, 1942, 626-629). 



Cell Components can be examined by tech- 

 niques too numerous to list including 

 Staining, Supravital and Vital Staining, 

 Impregnation, Microdissection, Micro- 

 manipulation, Microinjection, Centrif- 

 ugation, many Microchemical Reac- 

 tions, and Indicators by at least 6 differ- 

 ent kinds of Microscopes. Methods for 

 many of these components are given 

 under Capsule Stains, Mitochondria, 

 Zymogen, Nissl Bodies, etc. 



Cell Division, see Mitosis, Amitosis and 

 series of papers on chemistry of cell 

 division (Mauer, M. E. and Voegtlin, 

 C, Am. J. Cancer, 1937, 29, 483-502). 



Cell Enlargement, see Giant Cells. 



Cell Injury detected by fluorescence 

 (Herick, F., Protoplasma, 1939, 32, 

 527-535). See Dead Cells. 



Cell Measurement, The Elliptometer — 

 Written by Dr. J. D. Hamilton, Dept. 

 of Medical Research, University of 

 Western Ontario, London, Canada. 

 February 13, 1951 — The geometric shape 

 of the section of many histological 

 structures is circular or elliptical. The 



