CIACCIO 



77 



CILIA 



dark field examination of blood of a person 

 or animal fed butter or cream. The 

 increase begins about 1 hr. there after 

 and reaches a maximum at 4 hrs. after 

 which the number of chylomicrons de- 

 clines. By contrast a carbohydrate meal 

 of rice and sugar or a protein meal of 

 whites of boiled eggs and salt does not 

 result in an increase. For details see 

 Gage, S. H. and Fish, P. H., Am. J. 

 Anat., 1924-25, 34, 1-86; also, Had- 

 jiolofT, A., Bull. d'Hist. Appl. 1938, 

 15, 81-98. 



Ciaccio, methods for lipoids. One of the 

 simplest is : Fix small pieces 2 days in : 

 5% potassium bichromate, 80 cc; for- 

 malin, 30 cc, acetic acid, 5 cc. 3% 

 potassium bichromate for 5-8 days. 

 Running water 24 hrs. Ascending alco- 

 hols, 24 hrs. Abs. alcohol 2 hrs., xylol, 

 1 hr., xylol -paraffin at 60°C., 1 hr. 

 Paraffin 1-1 J hrs. Pass sections down 

 to 70% alcohol, stain ^1 hr. at 30 °C. 

 in: 80% alcohol, 95 cc, acetone 5 cc. 

 saturated at 50°C. with sudan III then 

 cooled and filtered. Rinse in 50% alco- 

 hol, wash in water, counterstain with 

 hemalum. Mount in syrup of Apathy 

 (or glycerin). Lipoids yellow orange. 

 Lison (p. 206) questions specificity for 

 lipoids and gives in addition, with useful 

 comments, several other methods of 

 Ciaccio. 



Cilia — written by Alfred M. Lucas and 

 Miriam S. Lucas, U. S. Regional Poultry 

 Research Laboratory and Biological 

 Science Department, Michigan State 

 College, East Lansing, Michigan. Au- 

 gust 10, 1951 — Ciliary activity can be 

 studied in isolated cells, in rows of cells, 

 and in broad epithelial surfaces. Cilia 

 and flagella are found throughout most 

 of the animal kingdom except in nema- 

 todes and arthropods. They perform 

 many functions, such as locomotion of 

 whole organisms, driving fluids through 

 tubes, and propelling sheets of mucus 

 across epithelial surfaces. 



The simplest method of study is to 

 collect isolated cells by gently scraping 

 a ciliated surface and observing the 

 vibrations of the cilia in a suitable 

 fluid on a slide under the microscope. 

 However, numerous special techniques 

 are required to answer problems relat- 

 ing to the shape of cilia during active 

 and passive phases of their cycle, ciliary 

 coordination and how much work they 

 can do. The beats of cilia may oc- 

 casionally be counted by eye; for ex- 

 ample, Lucas, A. M., and Doublas, L. 

 C. (Arch. Otolaryng., 1935, 21, 285- 

 296) reported 2.2 to 5.5 vibrations per 

 second for cilia on epithelium of the 

 turtle trachea, at about 30°C. More 

 rapid vibrations require special devices. 



Martius (Arch. f. Physiol., 1884, 456- 

 460) who was the first to use the strobo- 

 scope, found 10 to 17 vibrations per 

 second for the cilia of the frog's pharynx 

 and values as high as 32 to 42 vibrations 

 per second are given by Plammond, 

 J. C. (Science, 1935, 82, 68-70) for the 

 membranelle of the protozoan, Episty- 

 lis. The use of the stroboscope and 

 moving pictures have been the methods 

 most used, not only to determine the 

 frequenc}'^ of vibrations but also the 

 succession of shapes taken by the cilia 

 or flagella during the cycle of vibration. 

 Martius emphasized a fundamental cau- 

 tion in using the stroboscope that one 

 should reduce the speed until all mul- 

 tiples of the ciliary frequency have been 

 eliminated. Hammond, on the other 

 hand, recommends using a known har- 

 monic of the frequency. The shapes 

 taken by vibrating cilia and flagella have 

 often been subject of study. One of the 

 simplest methods is to reduce the rate of 

 movement by cooling the fluid in which 

 they are beating. Gray, J. (Proc Roy. 

 Soc, B, 1930, 107, 313-332) and Jenni- 

 son, M. W., and J. W. M. Bunker 

 (J. Cell, and Comp. Physiol., 1934, 5, 

 189-197) used both photographic and 

 stroboscopic methods to study the form 

 of the isolated, giant compound ab- 

 frontal cilia of the mollusc gill. It is a 

 peculiarity of this cilium to swing usu- 

 ally through an arc of only 90° instead 

 of 180° as characteristic of most cilia 

 and thus it may be atypical material 

 for study. Gray noted that in these 

 cilia the active stroke was longer than 

 the recovery stroke. Brown, H. P. 

 (Ohio J. Sci., 1945, 45, 247-301) has given 

 an extensive analysis of types of ciliary 

 and flagellar movement. He tested his 

 theories in various practical ways and 

 one was the construction of a mecha- 

 nical model which would swim through 

 the water. It was composed of a test 

 tube which contained a strong bent wire 

 holding a rubber band. The rubber 

 band as it unwound rotated a wire pass- 

 ing through a cork stopper. The free 

 end of the wire revolving in the water 

 propelled the tube. 



Couch, J. N. (Am. J. Bot., 1941, 218, 

 704-713) recommends the use of dark 

 field to study movement of individual 

 cilia and flagella. The three common 

 types of dark field, the use of a disc 

 stop below the ordinary condenser, the 

 Zeiss cardioid condenser and even mov- 

 ing the diaphragm laterally to give 

 oblique light worked satisfactorily. 

 With dark field are often produced sha- 

 dow effects of one cilia lying above and 

 across others, which sometimes re- 



