INDIGO-CARMINE 



163 



INSECTS 



as a stain and a cosmetic for more than 

 4000 years, and early adopted officially 

 for the uniforms of American and 

 British sailors, its history reads like a 

 romance. (iSee, Leggett, W. F., An- 

 cient and Medieval Dyes. Brooklyn: 

 Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 1944, 

 95 pp.) 



Indigo (CI. 1177) is now produced 

 artificially as well as from plants. 

 Indigo-Carmine (CI, 1180) — indigotine la — 

 This sodium salt of indigosulfonic acid 

 is blue with acid characteristics so that 

 it is a good counterstain for carmine. 

 It has been employed with fuchsin by 

 Shumway, W., Stain Techn., 1926, 1, 

 37-38. See renal excretion of (Kemp- 

 ton, R. T., Bott, P. A. and Richards, 



A. N., Am. J. Anat., 1937, 61, 505-521). 

 It was used as a vital stain by Heiden- 

 hain who employed 35-60 cc. of 0.4% 

 suspension for rabbits and 150-1500 cc. 

 for dogs (see Foot, McClung, p. 113). 

 The Bensleys (p. 151) advise intra- 

 venous injection of 4 cc. sat. filtered 

 aq. indigo-carmine per kilogram of body 

 weight. Fix by vascular perfusion with 

 formalin alcohol (neutral formalin, 10 

 cc; absolute alcohol, 90 cc.) or by im- 

 mersion in it. Counterstain frozen sec- 

 tions with Mayer's Acid Carmine or 

 with 1% acridine red. Another way is 

 to imbed (in paraffin), section, clear and 

 examine with or without this counter- 

 staining. 



Indigotine la, see Indigo-Carmine. 



Indin Blue 2rd, see Naphthol Blue R. 



Indium, see Atomic Weights. 



Indo Reaction for phenols. Formation by 

 oxidation of an aromatic paradiamine in 

 presence of tissue phenol of a blue or 

 green indamine. A difficult reaction 

 (Lison, p. 142). See Lison's study of 

 the venom gland of toads (Lison, L., 

 C. Rend. Soc. de Biol., 1932, 111, 

 657-^58). 



Indol Compounds, see Nitro Reaction, 

 Nitrosamino Reaction. 



Indophenol Blue (CI, 821). This is formed 

 by oxidation of a mixture p-amino- 

 dimethylaniline and a naphthol. Conn 

 (p. 73) says that this is probably the 

 dye employed for staining fat byHerx- 

 heimer, G., Deut. Med. Wochenschr., 

 1901,27,607-609. 



Indophenol 1. See Oxidation-Reduction. 



Indophenol Oxidase, see Nadi Reagent, 

 Cytochrome, Oxidase. 



Indophenols. Dyes closely related to inda- 

 mines. Example: indophenol blue. 



Indulin. 1. Spirit soluble (CI,860)— spirit 

 indulin and spirit nigrosin R. 

 2. Water soluble (CI, 861)— fast blue 



B, OB, R, etc., soluble indulin 3B — 

 An infrequently used acid azin dye. 

 Lynch, J. E., Zeit. f. wis. mikr., 1930, 



46, 465-469; Cumley, R. W., Stain 

 Techn., 1935, 10, 53-56. 



Indulin Black, see Nigrosin, water soluble. 



Infra Red photography shows split appear- 

 ance of chromosomes (Ganesan, D., J. 

 Roy. Micr. Soc, 1939, 59, 75-78) and 

 gives better definition of epiphyseal 

 layers of normal and rachitic bone 

 (Siegel, L., Allen, R. M., McGuire, G. 

 and Falk, K. G., Am. J. Path., 1939, 15, 

 273-277). Guardabassi, M., C. rend. 

 Soc. de Biol., 1935, 118, 559-561 has 

 used this technique for alcohol fixed 

 sections of brain of rabid dog sensitized 

 with rubrocyanine to demonstrate struc- 

 ture of Negri bodies. Transmission of 

 infra red light through the skin facili- 

 tates photography of superficial veins 

 in the living state. Resolution with this 

 light of relatively long wave length is 

 inferior to that with visible light. 



Injection, see Microinjection. Perfusion 

 of blood vessels and Neutral Red 

 method of staining pancreas by vascular 

 injection. 



Innervation, determination by dissection 

 (Wharton, L. R., Anat. Rec, 1937, 67, 

 467-475). Place tissue sheets or thin 

 organs on writing paper. Allow to 

 adhere 5-10 min. Place in 1 part gly- 

 cerol, 1 part glacial acetic acid and 6 

 parts 1% aq. chloroal hydrate, 18 hrs. 

 Glycerol, 1 part ; Ehrlich's hematoxylin, 

 1 part; and 1% aq. chloral hydrate, 6 

 parts, 24 hrs. or more. If overstained 

 decolorize in first solution or in 1% 

 hydrochloric acid in 70% alcohol. 

 Transfer to glycerol 10 days. Dissect 

 under binocular microscope in fresh 

 glycerol. To make permanent prepara- 

 tions, pass up to 95% alcohol, then 

 through bergamot oil, 2 parts; cedar 

 oil, 1 part; and pure carbolic acid liq- 

 uefied by heat, 1 part, to xylol. Mount 

 in balsam. See Nerve Endings. 



Inoculation is to introduce materials into 

 the body usually disease producing or 

 antigenic. They are in reality injected 

 and we speak of injecting a host of 

 different substances, see in this connec- 

 tion Microinjection, Perfusion and 

 Transplantation. 



Insects. For whole mounts of large insects 

 Stapp, P. and Cumley, R. W., Stain 

 Techn., 1936, 11, 105-106, specify abs. 

 ale, 5-15 days; 95, 85, 70, and 50% each 

 15 min. Ale 35%, 30 min. Equal 

 parts H2O and H2O2 -f trace NH4OH, 

 12-24 hrs. Ale. 35, 50, 85, and 95%, 

 15 min. each. Abs. ale. 2-3 changes, 

 3 days or more. Toluol, 10-21 days. 

 Pass from thin to thick dammar and 

 mount. Perhaps the simplest method 

 for small insects (fleas, etc.) is simply to 

 drop them in creosote, U.S. P. and after 

 24 hrs. to mount them directly in balsam 



