SULFUR BORDEAUX 



330 



SUPRAVITAL STAINING 



benzoic acid. They are most valuable 

 indicators. Examples: brom chlor phe- 

 nol blue, brom cresol green, brom cresol 

 purple, brom phenol blue, brom phenol 

 red, brom thymol blue, chlor cresol 

 green, chlor phenol red, cresol red, 

 metacresol purple, phenol red, thymol 

 blue. 



Sulfur Bordeaux (CI, 1012), Sulfogene Bor- 

 deaux BRN (DuPont) and Sulfur Bor- 

 deaux BCF (NAC) are direct dyes of 

 light fastness 2. Specifications for 

 staining invertebrates and plant tissues 

 are given (Emig, p. 62). 



Sulfur Brilliant Blue (CI, 957), Sulfindone 

 Brilliant Blue CG (NAC), Sulfogene 

 Brilliant Blue 6BS (DuPont), and Sulfo- 

 gene Brilliant Blue 3 GCF (DuPont) 

 are the best blue direct sulfur dyes of 

 color fastness 2, the use of which for 

 staining algae and invertebrates is de- 

 scribed (Emig, p. 61). 



Sulfur Direct Blue (CI, 956), Sulfogene 

 Direct Blue BRS (DuPont), a direct 

 dye of light fastness 2 which does not 

 color blue green algae as intensely or 

 brightly as Sulfur Brilliant Blue, but 

 does present details of cell structure 

 clearly (Emig, p. 61). 



Sulfur Green (CI, 1006), Sulfogene Green 



2 B (DuPont), Sulfogene Brilliant 

 Green 2 G (DuPont) and Sulfur Green 



3 G cone. (NAC), direct dyes of light 

 fastness 2 action of which on plant tis- 

 sues and invertebrates is described 

 (Emig, p. 62). 



Sulfur Orange (CI, 949) and Sulfur Yellow 

 (CI, 948) resemble Sulfur Bordeaux 

 (Emig, p. 61). 



Sulphonal Poisoning. Effect on liver cell 

 mitochondria (Grynfeltt, E., and La- 

 font, R., C. rend. Soc. de Biol., 1921, 

 85, 406-408). 



Sulphur. In inorganic form sulphur is not 

 found in living things except in the 

 thiobacteria. Histochemically one has 

 to consider sulphates and masked sul- 

 phur. Macallum has devised a method 

 for sulphates but Lison (p. 121) says 

 that it only gives very rough localization 

 in tissues because the salt is diffusible. 

 For organic, masked sulphur see Sulf- 

 methemoglobin, Glutathione, Radio- 

 sulphur. 



Sulphur Compounds. Microdetermination 

 by means of the iodine-azide reaction 

 (Holter, H. and L0vtrup, S., C. rend. 

 Lab. Carlsberg, S6r. Chim., 1949, 27, 

 72-78). They worked with tetrathio- 

 nate and cystine. 1 X 10~' ng could be 

 determined with an accuracy of 2.5% 

 (standard deviation). 



Sulphurous Acid. This is used for rinsing 

 sections which have been stained with 

 Feulgen or Schiff's reagent. Prepare 

 by dissolving 1 gm. potassium or sodium 



meta bisulphite in 200 cc. of tap water 

 to which 10 cc. of N HCl are added. 



Sultan Red 4B, see Benzopurpurin 4B. 



Sun Yellow (CI, 620), a direct stilbene dye, 

 light fastness 3. Serves as a mordant 

 to produce green in combinations with 

 blue counterstains. Many combina- 

 tions of Sun Yellow with blue and red 

 dyes in double, triple and quadruple 

 stains are described (P^mig, p. 44-45). 



Superchrome Black PV (CI, 170) of NAC, 

 an acid monoazo mordant dye action of 

 which on plant sections and blue green 

 algae is described (Emig, p. 34). 



Superchrome Violet B (CI, 169) of NAC, an 

 acid monoazo mordant dye of light fast- 

 ness 3 of which action on blue green 

 algae is described (Emig, p. 34). 



Superchrome Garnet Y (CI, 168) of NAC, an 

 acid monoazo mordant dye of light fast- 

 ness 3 of which action on blue green 

 algae is described (Emig, p. 34). 



Supravital Staining. By this is meant 

 staining upon the living state. In other 

 words stains are applied to cells re- 

 moved from a living animal, or to cells 

 within a recently killed animal. Thus 

 blood cells are removed from the body 

 and, while still living, are stained supra- 

 vitally or the stains are applied to still 

 living cells of, say, the stomach within 

 the body of a recently killed animal by 

 vascular injection. The essential point 

 is that the stains act upon living cells 

 but the cells do not go on living, neither 

 does an animal injected intra vascularly 

 with a supravital stain. Janus green 

 is our most useful supravital stain. 

 Cells supravitally stained by it die and 

 when it is injected in sufficient quantity 

 into a living animal, the animal dies 

 likewise for it is toxic. Vital stains, 

 on the contrary, do not kill cells and can 

 be safely injected into living animals 

 since they are nontoxic in the concen- 

 trations necessary to obtain the desired 

 results. This kind of staining used to 

 be called intravital in contrast to supra- 

 vital. See Vital Stains. 



Supravital stains have been known 

 for a long time but their introduction as 

 essential means of investigation is due 

 primarily to Professor R. R. Bensleyof 

 the University of Chicago (Am. J. Anat., 

 1911, 12, 297-388). He_ showed their 

 usefulness in demonstrating specifically 

 by vascular injection the different epi- 

 thelial components of the pancreas and 

 he called attention to the fact that to 

 stain mitochondria specifically it is 

 essential to use janus green having the 

 composition of die^/ij/Zsafranin-azodi- 

 methylanilin, that the dimethyl com- 

 pound will not work. The supravital 

 staining of blood cells began with the 

 demonstration by Cowdry at Hopkins 



