TROPAEOLIN D 



360 



TRYPANOSOMES 



ride and some of its derivatives may 

 find application also in plant pathology 

 as diagnostic agents or for detection of 

 various bacterial or fungus infections 

 in the tissues of plants (Atkinson et al., 

 Science, 1950, 111, 385). 



Stock solutions, prepared in a satu- 

 rated solution of NaHCOs are stable 

 in the dark and may be kept for some 

 time, although freshly prepared solu- 

 tions are preferable. Solutions should 

 be protected from direct sunlight or 

 other strong radiations, especially of 

 the shorter wave-lengths, (Gierlach 

 and Krebs, Am. J. Roentgen. & Radium 

 Therap., 1949, 62, 559). Similarly 

 TPTC solutions should be shielded 

 from the radiations of radio-active 

 substances (ibid). 



Solutions of TPTC may be flooded 

 over living tissues of plants or animals 

 or over cultures of bacteria on solid 

 or semi-solid media for a few minutes 

 and then removed (by decanting or 

 pipetting) whereupon the sites of active 

 reduction are clearly defined by the 

 red deposits of insoluble formazan 

 which is not diffusible. Alternatively, 

 the roots of intact plants or the bases 

 of plant stems may be immersed in 

 solutions of TPTC. The compound is 

 readily absorbed and translocated up- 

 ward. Subsequent longitudinal sec- 

 tioning of the plant reveals the sites 

 where the compound has been reduced 

 to the formazan. Stained material 

 can be dehydrated in alcohol and ace- 

 tone and preserved for cyto-histologic 

 examination. Bacterial cultures on 

 agar or other suitable media can be 

 dehydrated similarly and used for 

 cytologic study. 



In bacteriology, TPTC may be in- 

 corporated in either liquid or semi- 

 solid culture media. Relative reducing 

 activity of different organisms under 

 different conditions may be determined 

 by noting relative intensities of color 

 developed in different tubes. In agar 

 media, TPTC has been used to dis- 

 tinguish variants of Salmonella typhi- 

 niurium, of S. sonnei, of Escherichia 

 coli, and of several species of Brucella 

 on the basis of reducing activity as 

 evidenced by the color of different 

 colonies. 



Triphenyltetrazolium chloride has 

 proved of value in cancer studies also 

 and has helped in elucidation of some 

 problems in cancer physiologv (H61- 

 scher, Agnew. Chem., 1950, 62,^174). 



The reaction involved in reduction 

 of the water-soluble, diffusible, color- 

 less tetrazolium salts to the water- 

 insoluble, non-diffusible, colored forma- 

 zans is as follows: 



N— N- 





\ 



y \ 



y \ 



-i-2e+2H+ 



N=N- 



ci- 



2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride 



"N=N— /^ 

 Triphenyl Formazan 



The details of the chemistry of tetra- 

 zolium salts and of their insoluble 

 formazans have been reviewed by Ben- 

 son (Chem. Rev., 1947, 41, 1). 



Tropaeolin D, see Methyl Orange. 



Tropaeolin G, see Metanil Yellow. 



Tropaeolin G or OOO No. 1, see Orange I. 



Tropaeolin OOO No. 2, see Orange II. 



Trotter, see Hair. 



Trypan Blue (CI, 477)— azidine blue 3B, 

 benzamine blue 3B, benzo blue 3B, 

 chlorazol blue 3B, Congo blue 3B, 

 dianil blue H3G, naphthamine blue 

 3BX, Niagara blue 3B — This acid dis- 

 azo dye is the most popular of all Vital 

 Stains. See also trypan blue capillary 

 permeability test (e Silva, M. R., and 

 Dragstedt, C. A., J. Pharmac. and 

 Exper. Therap., 1941, 73, 405-411). 



Trypan Red (CI, 438). So named because 

 of influence on Trypanosome infections 

 (G. irypanon, anger + soma, body). 

 An acid dis-azo dye much used as a 

 vital stain but less satisfactory than 

 trypan blue. 



Trypanosomes. The following is based upon 

 Craig's account. Before examining 

 peripheral blood, or cerebrospinal fluid, 

 for trypanosomes it is advisable to con- 

 centrate them by centrifugation. They 

 can be well seen in the darkfield. 

 Smears of blood should be made a little 

 thicker than for malaria plasmodia and 

 after being air dried should be stained 

 immediately. The methods of Giemsa 

 and Wright are preferred giving a little 

 more time for the stains to work. For 

 details of structure use iron hematoxy- 

 lin after Schaudinn's fluid (Craig p. 49). 

 The South American trypanosome, 

 T. cruzi, is more easily cultured than 

 either of the African forms, T. gam- 

 biense or T. rhodesiense. Reiser's 

 medium, described fully by Craig, seems 

 to be the best. See references supplied 

 by him (p. 199) to culture in chick 

 embryoes. 



Trypanosomes. Inclusion Bodies are pro- 

 duced in Trypanosomes in vivo by 

 effective doses of antrycide, dimidium 

 bromide and Suramin. Their forma- 

 tion can also be observed in response to 



