UROBILIN 



367 



VACUOLOIDS 



Uric acid, as yellow brown, wedge- 

 like "whetstones", dumb-bell and 

 rosette crystals 

 Calcium oxalate as "envelope" 



crystals 

 Cystine as colorless refractile 6 



sided plates 

 Leucine (yellow spheroids) 

 Tyrosine (fine needles) 

 Hippuric acid (brownish needles 

 or prisms) 

 In neutral urines 

 Above components plus 

 Neutral calcium phosphate (slender 

 pyramidal ci-ystals united at 

 apices forming rosettes) 

 In alkaline urines 

 Phosphate deposits (white amor- 

 phous) 

 Ammonium calcium phosphate 



(coffin lid or feathery crystals) 

 So-called triple phosphate crystals 

 Calcium carbonate (spheres, dumb- 

 bells or amorphous masses) 

 Ammonium urate (dark yellow 

 brown cockle burr crystals) 

 Organized components consisting of 

 cells and their products as well as of 

 casts. Microscopically to identify leu- 

 cocytes, red blood cells and sperms, 

 when present, is easy. It is necessary 

 to distinguish between cells from renal 

 tubules, transitional cells from bladder 

 and squamous epithelial cells. The 

 casts are of 4 sorts, hyaline, granular, 

 waxy and blood3^ See Addis Count. 



Detection of acid fast bacilli in urine 

 (Kelso, R. E. and Galbraith, T. W., 

 Am. J. Clin. Path., 1943, Techn. Suppl., 

 7, 8-11). 

 Urobilin is a derivative of bilirubin. 

 Schmidt's test for urobilin in feces con- 

 sists of rubbing up small amount of 

 feces in white dish in sat. aq. mercuric 

 chloride whereupon particles containing 

 this pigment take on a deep red color 

 (C. J. Gentzkow and H. A. Van Auken 

 in Simmons and Gentzkow, p. 82). 

 Wintrobe, M. M., Clinical Hematology. 

 Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1942, 703 

 pp. gives several tests for urobilinogen 

 and urobilin. 



1. Remove bile pigments, if present 

 from 10 cc. urine (or aq. suspension 

 feces) by addition of 2 cc. 10% calcium 

 chloride and filtration. Oxidize any 

 urobilinogen not converted into uro- 

 bilin by adding 1-2 drops of Lugol's 

 Iodine. Then add 10 cc. Schlesinger's 

 Reagent, filter let stand 1-2 hrs. Uro- 

 bilin is indicated by green fluorescence 

 when examined against dark back- 

 ground in bright light. 



2. Make dilutions of urine by adding 

 1 cc. to 10, 20, 30, 40 etc. cc. of aq. dest. 



To 10 cc. of each dilution in test tubes 

 add 1 cc. Ehrlick's Aldehyde Reagent. 



Urobilinogen is indicated by pink color 

 within 5 min. seen by looking down 

 through mouths of tubes. 



Urography, a new technique for study of 

 individual metabolic spectra (Beer- 

 stecher, Jr. E., and Sutton, II. 1'^, 

 Texas Reports, Biol. & Med., 1951, 

 9, 8-12. 



Vaccinia, Cytoplasmic inclusions in, see 

 Cowdry, E. V., J. Exper. Med. 1922, 

 36, 667-684. Summary of methods used 

 in the investigation of elementary 

 bodies of vaccine virus (Smadel, J. E. 

 and Hoagland, C. L., Rev. Bact., 1942, 

 6, 79-110. 



Vaccinia, see Guarnieri Bodies. 



Vacuoles, food and contractile, see Para- 

 mecia. 



Vacuoloids — Written by C. C. Macklin, 

 Dept. of Histological Research, The 

 University of Western Ontario, London, 

 Canada. November 28, 1951 — This is 

 a provisional name for numerous clear 

 round regions, often containing a mi- 

 nute central granule, which appear in 

 the pneumonocytes and foam cells 

 (which see) after the usual methods of 

 fixation and staining. They superfi- 

 cially resemble vacuoles and give to the 

 cells a frothy appearance. They are 

 the dominant formations of the cyto- 

 somes of these cells. They are often 

 referred to as granules, for after certain 

 techniques many of them are found to 

 have an optically substantial nature, 

 though they ordinarily do not take 

 stains (Brodersen, J., Zeitschr. f. 

 mikros.-anat. Forsch., 1933, 32, 73-83; 

 Macklin, C. C, Trans. Roy. Soc. of 

 Can., 1946, Sect. V, 40, 93-111). They 

 are relatively stable, indenting the 

 nucleus (Macklin, C. C, Canadian 

 J. of Research, D, 1950, 28, 5^15) and 

 are from 0.5m to 1.5^ or more in diam- 

 eter. In fresh mounts from (jash-irriga- 

 tion and wash-out recoveries (which 

 see) they appeared as clear balls 

 (Macklin, C. C, Proc. 6th Internat. 

 Cong. exp. Cytol., Stockholm, 1947; 

 published 1949, 383-387) . They seemed 

 to be in inverse ratio to the amount of 

 ingested dust. In the pure foam cells 

 they were fairly uniform in size, sphe- 

 roidal and refractile, gleaming like 

 transparent glass beads; they were not 

 so sharply marked as air bubbles, and 

 had an extremely delicate greenish- 

 yellow cast. The contour was evenly 

 curved and sharply set off from the 

 environing cj'toplasm. In the fresh 

 condition, with conventional lighting, 

 no structural detail could be made out 

 in the pellucid interior. They were not 



