THE SORTING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS 79 



3. The red algae. Mostly marine ; reddish to purple. {Examples. 

 Nemalion, Polysiphonia, Batrachospermum.) 



C. Fungi. Thallophytes without chlorophyl. 



1. Phycomycetes. Algalike fungi. {Examples. Water molds (often 



parasitic on fishes), phytophthora (the cause of the potato 

 rot), grape mildew and other parasitic forms, black mold.) 



2. Ascomycetes. Fungi bearing spores in sacs. {Examples. Yeast, 



cup fungi, the edible morel, the mildews, black knot.) 



3. Basidiomycetes. Fungi bearing spores on outside of structure 



called basidium. {Examples. Rusts, smuts, mushrooms, 

 pore fungi, shelf fungus, puffballs.) 



D. Lichens. These curious structures are compound growths of fungi 



and algae. The hyphae in these partnerships generally belong 

 to ascomycetes ; the algal partner is a green alga related 

 to pleurococcus or one of the blue-green algae. {Examples. 

 Reindeer moss, Iceland moss, Spanish moss. The common 

 names introduce the word moss, although these plants are 

 in no way related to the mosses.) 



BRANCH II— BRYOPHYTES. Mosses and their allies. Archegonia but 

 no vascular system. 



A. Liverworts. 



B. Mosses. 



BRANCH III— PTERIDOPHYTES. Ferns and their allies. Archegonia 

 and vascular system; no seeds. {Examples. Club mosses, quill- 

 worts, scouring rushes (or horsetails), adder's-tongue, maiden-hair.) 



BRANCH IV— SPERM ATOPHYTES. Seed-bearing plants. 



A. Gymnosperms. Naked-seed plants. {Examples. Sago palm, 



ginkgo, yews, larches, pines, cypress, sequoia.) 



B. Angiosperms. Inclosed-seed plants. 



1. Monocotyledons. {Examples. Cat-tail, water plantain, grasses, 



grains and sedges, palms, Indian turnip, rushes, spiderwort, 

 lilies, bananas, orchids.) 



2. Dicotyledons. 



a. Archichlamydeae. Flowers having no corolla or one of dis- 



tinct petals. {Examples. Catkin-bearing trees (willows, 

 walnuts, oaks, beeches), smartweed, pink family, buttercup 

 family, water lilies, rose family, bean family, parsley 

 family.) 



b. Sympetalae. Flowers having corollas in which the petals are 



united. {Examples. Heath family, primrose family, gentian 



