294 



BIOLOGY AND HUMAN LIFE 



Posterior (pelvic) girdle 



Ilium 



Ischium 



Pubis 

 Posterior appendage 



Femur 



Tibia and fibula 



Tarsals 



Metatarsals 



Phalanges 



Head 

 Skull 



Brain box 



Eye sockets 



Facial bones and nasal passages 



Internal ear and balancing organs 

 Jaw 



(Teeth) 

 Girdles and appendages 

 Anterior (pectoral) girdle 



Scapula 



Clavicle 



(Coracoid) 

 Anterior appendage 



Humerus 



Radius and ulna 



Carpals 



Metacarpals 



Phalanges 



5. Structure and growth of bones 



Bone cells 



Cell division ; lime deposits 

 Growing regions 



Periosteum ; growth in length 

 Healing of breaks 



6. Development 



Metamorphosis in frog : egg ; tadpole ; adult 



Stages from single cell to embryo 



Progressive divergence in structure during the development of 



vertebrates 

 Changes in proportion during development of individual 

 Closing of spaces in brain box 



7. Hygiene of the skeleton 



Nutrition during infancy 



Calcium and phosphorus 



Vitamin A ; sunshine 

 Strain of overwork and bad posture 

 Danger of deforming bones during childhood 



Posture ; clothing, shoes, etc. 

 Dangers in fractures ; in dislocations ; in infections 

 Rigidity of spinal column combined with flexibility and elasticity 



