BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 323 



included in the aboAe-mentioned control projects, the following made 

 during the jear may be mentioned: 



Six national-park areas in Idaho and two in Montana were exam- 

 ined and reported upon for the Forest Service, one for Forest 

 Service and private owners, one for private owners in Idaho, and 

 one for the Klamath Indian Reservation in Oregon. These surveys 

 showed that in Idaho and Montana the infestation and timber killed 

 by the western pine beetle and the mountain pine beetle continues 

 about the same as the average in past years, causing in the aggregate 

 a great loss of the best white pine, yellow pine, and lodgepole pine, 

 and that in several places epidemic infestations prevail, especially 

 in the lodgepole pine. 



A wind-blown area north of Fort Klamath. Oreg.. was examined 

 for private owners. It was estimated that a loss of some 6.000.000 

 feet had been caused by the wind in November, 1921, but that so far 

 it has not resulted in an expected epidemic of the western pine 

 beetle. 



Forest product insects. — Investigations and experiments relating 

 to methods of preventing losses from wood-borer damage to crude, 

 rough, seasoned, finished, and utilized forest products have received 

 special attention through cooperation with manufacturers in Georgia 

 and Virginia. This has consisted of experiments and practical dem- 

 onstrations with the application of chemicals to sawlogs, submergence 

 in water, treatment of seasoned wood, and methods in general man- 

 agement to prevent losses. 



Shade trees and ornamental shrubs. — The work on the insects 

 of this character has been mainly done in TYashington, D. C, and 

 in California. The correspondence has been very large, and the 

 bureau has been of much assistance to many towns and cities. Con- 

 siderable work was done in California from the field stations at Palo 

 Alto, Los Gatos, and Chico. on the Pacific flat-headed borer, defoli- 

 ating caterpillars, live-oak leaf-gall, mealybug on citrus shade trees, 

 the cypress bark scale, grasshopper defoliation of roadside trees, etc. 

 Work was also continued on the cable beetle, which causes such 

 serious damage to lead telephone cables in California. 



Field research. — The greatly increased demand for cooperation 

 Avith Federal officials and private owners in the Pacific and Rocky 

 Mountain States has been such as to interfere seriously with work 

 on research problems, the solving of which is of special importance 

 as a basis for up-to-date advice and assistance relating to economy 

 and success in the control and prevention of epidemics by tree- 

 killing and wood-destroying insects. Considerable progress, how- 

 ever, on some of these problems was made in connection with the 

 cooperative-control projects. 



Research avork at Washington. — The research work carried on 

 by experts on forest insects and related problems, which is so essen- 

 tial to successful field work, has been continued, but with a reduced 

 force. In addition to the identification of species, this work has re- 

 lated particularly to the study of beneficial insects and the immature 

 stages of both beneficial and injurious species, in order that they 

 may be identified from any stage or even from fragments of the in- 

 sects or specimens of their work, all of which is contributing to a 

 marked advance of the science of forest entomology. 



