i;ri;HAr of entomology. ' 325 



one coiinli y to ic^iioiis and sections of anotliei" count rv wliei-e tlie crtii- 

 (litions are most favorable foi- tlieir establishment. 



(reneral renultH. — Under the head of fj^eneral results as related to 

 the j)ecuniary value to the country of the investi<rations of insects 

 atleclin^' forest resources, it is siofnilicant that wherever contiol 

 operations have been carried on durinf; the last 15 years in forested 

 areas of the Kocky Mountain, Pacific Slope, and Southern States, 

 ])rinci|>ally in the national forests and i)arks, notai)le reductions in 

 the dyin<i: id" the timl>er followed in each case, and that up to the 

 present time comparatively little timber has died within the areas 

 where only a very small percentajre of the ori^jinal infestation was 

 (hsposed of. 



It has been frequently stated by Dr. Hopkins that it was his belief 

 that if a ireneral and serious and continued effoit was made to apply 

 the information that has been disseminated on methods of control- 

 liuil the principal (roc-kiilinir Ijcetles. it would be but a few years 

 until these worst inse( t enemies of Xorth American forests would be 

 brou<rlit under complete control and ultimately they would become 

 raie and require little if any attention. The conditions prevailin*; 

 at present throu<rhout extensive areas where only a comparatively 

 little conti'ol work has been done seem to <rive <rood sui)port to the 

 idea. 



7 he ni<in(K/eiiient principle — Another striking example of the 

 results of investijrations and the dissemination of information is 

 the jr^uieral decrease in the formerly extensive losses of seasoned 

 hardwood products from damage and destruction bj' powder-post 

 beetles, not as the result of the application of expensive remedies 

 but of the inexj^ensive and often better methods of management 

 in the storage, inspection, and use of the iiiaterial that was advised. 



Other changes that have been advised and adopted in the methods 

 of handling and manufacturing of crude forest products and in the 

 general management of public and private forests with little or no 

 additional expense show that the management principle of prevent- 

 ing losses from insects is of fundamental importance. 



In connection Avith the principle of adjusted management to pro- 

 vide Jigainst loH'-es from ifisects and otherwise to :-ccure the best 

 results from energy and money expended, it is found that a knowl- 

 edge of the laws which govern life and climate will suggest innumer- 

 able methods of procedure in (•oml)ating farm ])ests, especially in the 

 selection of the optimmn time to plant to avoid or lessen insect dam- 

 age (as in the case of the Hessian tly) and otherwise secure the best 

 results. The adjustments of crops and types of farming to local 

 and regional climatic requirements are among the things which 

 would contiibute to the preveiuion of serious losses and to increased 

 production. 



Kstimafes of values and losses. — Estimates based on accumulated 

 data from various sources indicate that the Nation's wealth in forest 

 resour/es and in shade trees and ornamental shrubbery is not less 

 than $10,000,000,000 and that the direct and indire(;t depreciations 

 and lo.sses caused by insects annually to this soun-e of wealth and 

 human welfare represent a money value of 1 per cent, or not le.ss 

 than SlOU.OOO.OOO. 



