FOREST SERVICE. . 413 



tained yield both of crude turpentine and of saw timber from the same 

 area. Further, experiments made during tlie year ^vith western yellow- 

 pine timber on National Forests in Arizona, southern Colorado, and 

 California promise to open a vast new field of supply. It was found 

 that during the productive season about the same yield of crude 

 turpentine is obtainable from western yellow pine as from averagiB 

 stands of longleaf pine; the productive season, however, is much 

 short'^r in the West than in the South. Similar experiments, but on 

 a smaller scale, were made with sugar pine, lodgepole pine, digger 

 pine, and pinon. This work was supplemented by an exhaustive 

 study of turpentines secured under different conditions, to determine 

 to what extent the properties of gum turpentine may vary. 



Wood Utilization 



An important line of work is the compilation of data for a series of 

 publications on the properties and uses of commercial woods, each 

 species being separately considered. Th3 first of the series, "Cedars, 

 Cypresses, and Sequoias," was published during the year. The com- 

 pleted series will include not only all the well-knouTi commercial 

 woods, but a number of others which are just coming into use, or 

 whose properties fit them for use. 



For a number of years the supply of southern juniper, or red cedar, 

 has been growdng scarce, until old fence rails and the floors and joists 

 of old cabins in Southern States have been bought up for pencil 

 wood. In cooperation with some of the leading pencil manufacturers 

 the Forest Service has been making an effort to find substitutes. 

 Special attention was directed toward species found in the National 

 Forests. The woods tried were Rocky Mountain red cedar, western 

 red cedar, western white pine, alligator juniper, one-seed juniper, 

 redwood, bigtree, incense cedar, yellow cedar, Port Orford cedar, 

 and western juniper. None of the woods appear to be equal to red 

 cedar, but some are satisfactory, at least for second-class pencils. 



Other studies of new uses of woods conducted during the year 

 include practical tests of various species as substitutes for dogwood 

 and persimmon in the manufacture of shuttles, tests of incense cedar 

 in the manufacture of cigar boxes, and the use of cypress for plug- 

 tobacco boxes. 



Special studies of the conditions of utilization of a number of impor- 

 tant species was made during the year. In cooperation with the 

 National Hickory Association an investigation was made of the 

 manufacture, marketing, and utilization of hickory. A study of the 

 supply and use of osage orange was conducted with special reference 

 to the requirements of wagon manufacturers. An investigation has 

 been inaugurated to collect data on the use and markets for western 

 red cedar used in the shingle industry. 



In connection with the investigations of the by-products of wood 

 the question of the waste at sawmills which might be available for 

 use is important. Studies have already been conducted in Wisconsin 

 to determine the average amount and condition of such waste and its 

 availability for the manufacture of by-products. 



The cooperative work between the Forest Service and the Bureau 

 of the Census in collecting and compiling statistics of forest products 

 in the United States was continued durmg the year. The statistics 



