80 ANNUAL EEPORTS OF DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTUBE. 



ened condensed skim milk were manufactured and careful records 

 kept, so that figures are now available as to the relative profits from 

 all those products. 



DAIRY MANUFACTURING INVESTIGATIONS. 



CREAMERY MANAGEMENT. 



So well established is the creamery industry that, except in the 

 South, all energies of the Dairy Division with regard to that indus- 

 try have been directed toward increasing the efficiency of operation 

 and improving the quality of butter manufactured. Assistance has 

 been rendered in many ways, especially in the prevention of waste 

 and in the conservation of fuel. 



On account of the rapid advance in the price of fuel the increasing 

 of power and fuel efficiency in creameries was particularly oppor- 

 tune. Slight repairs to the engine in one creamery in Minnesota 

 effected a saving of 10 per cent in the cost of fuel, and similar work 

 at another in the same State reduced the fuel bill $915, or 57 per 

 cent of the total, as compared with that of the preceding year. Op- 

 erating expenses were greatly reduced by substituting electric motors 

 for steam engines in five creameries in Iowa and Minnesota in 

 localities where electric power was available at low cost. 



Where steam power is used, one great source of loss is the failure 

 to make use of the exhaust steam from the engine. With proper 

 equipment this steam can be used to heat the large quantities of 

 water which are needed daily for pasteurizing cream and for clean- 

 ing equipment and floors. In order to utilize steam that would 

 otherwise be wasted, 61 creameries in Minnesota and Wisconsin were 

 assisted in obtaining or installing exhaust-steam water heaters. In 

 a creamery of average size the use of a heater of that kind reduces 

 the fuel bill from $100 to $200 a year. 



CREVMEIIY DE\^LOPMENT IN THE SOUTH. 



The development of creamery work in the Southern States has 

 been gradual but progressive. The creameries in the seven States 

 where field men are cooperatively employed now number 112, a net 

 gain of about 20 per cent in a year. Communities were encouraged 

 to organize creameries when conditions were favorable. 



Thirty-four of the creameries, in accordance with advice of the 

 Dairy Division, pasteurize all cream for buttermaking. This prac- 

 tice has caused a marked improvement in the quality of the butter 

 and has greatly increased market demands, at prices considerably 

 above those formerly received. Sixteen of the 19 creameries in 

 Mississippi were assisted in establishing a system of grading cream, 

 with payment arranged on a quality basis. While the grading 

 system has just been begim, it has already brought the patrons much 

 higher prices for their cream. 



CREAMERY WORK IN THE WEST. 



Considerable progress was made in the standardization of butter 

 manufactured in Western States. Through the organization of the 

 Oregon Cooperative Dairy Exchange, which includes 20 cooperative 



