BIOLOGY. 299 



substance, which ii^ being ground passes into the bran ; and this 

 substance is the most important as a nourishment for the blood. 



"Some 2 or 3 per cent, more of bread may be obtained by 

 omitting fermentation. 



" Where, as in the question of food for a whole population, the 

 life of thousands depends upon a proper application of the means 

 required for their sustenance, it would seem that some attention 

 to scientific principles is in its place. The same quantity of grain, 

 in the form of bread from meal, will save for every thousand per- 

 sons one hundred and twenty more from hunger and its concomi- 

 tant results, than bread from fine flour, freed as the latter is from 

 bran. 



" In reofard to the ofreater value as nutriment of bran-bread, it 

 may be mentioned that in the Crimean war the Russian prisoners 

 in the French camp, who were accustomed to the coarse bread, 

 suffered by the use of wheat bread, and a supplementary diet had 

 to be granted. 



"The means for preparing bread without fermentation are well 

 known and in constant use in England and the United States, as 

 well as on their vessels. The simplest is the addition to one hun- 

 dred pounds of meal of a pound of super-carbonate of soda, with 

 an equivalent quantity of some acid, preferably tartaric or cream 

 of tartar. 



" I have for several months past been engaged on a thorough in- 

 vestigation of the changes whicli human food undero-oes, as reo^ards 

 Its value as nutriment, by its treatment in cooking; among oth- 

 ers also in the preparation of bread, and one of the results arrived 

 at is that bran-bread, commonly known as 'pumpernickel,'' cannot 

 be obtained of uniform character or constant nutritive value if 

 made partly by fermentation. 



*' A number of facts eliminated by the recent Prusso-Austriaa 

 war lead to the conclusion that a method of baking which is in- 

 dependent of fermentation, and not apt to produce a bread 

 which is sui)ject to mould, would be of great value, not only for 

 an arm}^ but for the people at large ; and the close research into 

 these relations has confirmed me in the belief that bread of such 

 qualities is not procurable except by the use of some chemical 

 means, and that these, if properly applied, furnish bread of higher 

 value than that at present in use, and of a nature which leaves 

 nothing to be desired." 



INHALATION OF ATOMIZED FLUIDS. 



may be applied most appropriately and successfully to the organs 

 of respiration." According to him the medicaments which can 



thus be applied beneficially in the above diseases are, nitrate of 

 silver, 3 to 5 grains to the oz. of water, in inflammatory condi- 

 tions; nitrate of aluminium, same strength, in inflammation and 



