318 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



the present time in a modified form, intermediate between the en- 

 aliosaurians and the elongated cetaceans.] — Editor. 



HAIR OF DIFFERENT RACES OP MEN. 



M. Pruner-Bey has shown that the hair is not always black in 

 the negress. Beside a red color, which is very exceptional, he has 

 met with hair of an ashy tint in some cases. Among 200 speci- 

 mens of hair from natives of India, only one occurred of a straw 

 color, and even this might have been of a foreign origin. The 

 hair of every race south of the Himalayas is jet-black ; but in 

 proportion as we ascend into more elevated regions, a brown 

 color occurs more and more frequentl3^ The differential charac- 

 ters of the hair of various races are found chiefly in the forms 

 presented by transverse sections, which determine not only the 

 form, but the size of the hair, — a character which he considers of 

 the greatest importance. The Arian races show a regular oval 

 outline in the transverse section of the hair, while the Semitic 

 have a more or less angular outline. — Quart. Jouimal of Science^ 

 October, 1868. 



THE NOMAD RACES OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA. 



Mr. H. H. Howorth in a paper presented at the 1868 meeting of 

 the British Association, concluded that the various races known in 

 history as Huns, Avares, Khazary, Hungarians, and Bulgarians 

 are in the main but branches and tribes of the same race. They 

 all come from the same country; their languages and manners 

 were the same. Phmted in Europe as early as the fourth century, 

 they were constantly reinforced by fresh arrivals, and continued 

 to exercise great influence in Southern and Central Europe, until 

 their power was broken by the stronger arm of Charlemagne. 

 Ethnologically he considered all these tribes to have been Ugrian 

 or Fin, their leaders and aristocracy at one time German, at another 

 Turk, but their main body, as we still find it in Hungary, speak- 

 ing the Finnic tongue. He could find little support for the notion 

 that the earlier invaders, the Huns and Avares, were INIongols, 

 and that they were completely stamped out by the later Hungari- 

 ans. Byzantine chroniclers inform us that after the fall of the 

 Caliphate, its dependent races broke through surrounding barriers, 

 and overflowed their neighbors. It was thus we find the Ugrians 

 gradually driven out of their lands, while the latter became occu- 

 pied by Turks, the Bashkirs succeeding the Ostiahs. The frontier 

 robbers of Thrace gradually changed with this immigration, and 

 became more or less Turk. Petcheney, Coman, and Nogay suc- 

 ceeded one another, until Little Tartary became a Turkish area, 

 while the Hungarians and Circassians became isolated from one 

 another, and became mixed and corrupted in language and blood. 

 The history was one of the gradual supersession of Ugrian by 

 Turk influence. 



