322 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



TYPES OF THE HUMAN RACES. 



At the 1868 meeting of the British Association, Prof. Huxley 

 delivered a lecture, from which the following are extracts : — 



'* Supposing all the various forms of mankind were gathered 

 together in one place, and supposing j^ou had to pick out all the 

 great groups, I think you would reduce them to four. In the first 

 place there is that form which I call ' Australoid,' because I be- 

 lieve the best type of this form is to be found in Australia at the 

 present day. What I mean by Australoid is this, a man of dark 

 complexion ranging through various sliades of chocolate, with 

 black eyes, smooth, soft, wavy hair, neither crisp, nor lank, nor 

 straight, with an invariably long skull, that is to say, a skull the 

 breadth of which is less than eight-tenths of the length; and as 

 far as stature goes, and other characteristics, there are many dif- 

 ferences; but the three points upon which I base this class are, 

 the dark complexion and eyes, the wavy and silken hair, and the 

 long skull. All the forms of mankind which I include under this 

 head have these characteristics. The second ty})e is the ♦ Ne- 

 groid.' This term also has a precise, well-defined limitation. I 

 mean by it those men who have dark skins, — varying from dark- 

 ish-brown to what we call black, — though true black is a great 

 rarity, with invariably, unless under abnormal conditions, black 

 ej^es; with dark hair, usually black, and also usually crisp, or 

 what we call woolly. In this type, as in the former, except in 

 one or two exceptional cases, the skull is invariably a long skull, 

 very diff'erent in many respects from the Australoid, but at the 

 same time a long skull. The third group is one for which I have 

 no good name ; but I will use one, which is a very old and respect- 

 able authority. The group consists of men of a complexion vary- 

 ing from a yellowish to an olive tint; with black eyes and black 

 hair, which is usually straight and lank3\ Here I must remark 

 that this group differs from the two I have mentioned in the char- 

 acter of the skull ; so that here, as in other cases, characters of 

 liair and complexion and skin are more permanent and of more 

 value than those of the skull, which is not at first what we should 

 expect. I should term this the ' Mongoloid ' type. The fourth 

 t3'pe, of which I have to speak as one of the great primary forms, 

 is that which is extremely common amongst ourselves, especially 

 in the eastern and southern counties of England; and also in Ger- 

 many and the Sclavonic countries. It is what is known as the 

 *Blonde' type; but sometime ago I proposed the name of 'Xan- 

 thochroid.' These people vary in stature, and are characterized 

 by fair, delicate skins, through vi^hich the blood shows, imparting 

 that color which we admire so much ; yellow hair and blue eyes; 

 and they are usually of tall stature. In this group, as in thd 

 other, there is an extreme variation in the type of skull ; that is 

 to say, you may have every variety, from the long skull of the 

 Scandinavian to the broad skull of Central Germany." 



