356 ANNUAL OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 



with wild animals, and the other by their existence with domesti- 

 cated animals. The majority of the domestigated animals have 

 been associated with man from the earliest times. 



ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 



At the 1868 meeting of the American Association much time 

 was taken up in the discussion of this subject. 



Col. Whittlesey commenced the discussion by citing a number 

 of cases of the discovery of the handiworks of ancient man. The 

 following are some of the more remarkable : — 



1. The discovery of Hint arrows in Missouri beneath the skele- 

 ton of the mastodon, in the ancient alluvial formation, buried in a 

 peat bed covered with sand to the depth of 14 feet. He therefore 

 inferred that man was contemporary with the mastodon, and sur- 

 vived the convulsion which dostro3'ed the latter. 



2. When the High Rock Spring at Saratoga was cleaned, under 

 the cove there was found, at the depth of 13 or 14 feet, a log that 

 appeared to have been used by persons who had occasion to reach 

 the spring. It had been computed that the time required for the 

 deposit over the log was nearly 5,000 years, and from the foot 

 ti'acks, it would appear that the people were the common Indians. 



He also alluded to the discovery, some years since, on the Flor- 

 ida reefs, of a fossil human jaw with one tooth, which, from the 

 position in which it was found, had been calculated to have been 

 there 10,000 years, and to a number of other cases already made 

 known to the public. 



He enumerated several races which had flourished in America 

 before the red man. First, the mound-builders; second, a race 

 in the territory which is now Wisconsin ; third, a warlike race in 

 the region south of Lakes Ontario and Erie ; and, fourth, a relig- 

 ious people in Mexico. How long ago these races flourished is 

 uncertain, but it was certainly several thousands of 3'ears beyond 

 the Christian Era. Pottery, arrow-heads, and other works of man 

 have been found in conjunction with and beneath the bones of the 

 mastodon and megatherium. In regard to the time the Indians 

 have occupied this country the following fact throws some light: 

 Three skeletons were found in a cave beneath a heap of accumu- 

 lations several feet in depth. The crania were so perfect that 

 there was left no doubt of their being the crania of red men. These 

 bones were computed to have been placed in their sepulchre 2,000 

 3^ ears ago. 



Dr. J. W. Foster, of Chicago, followed with another treatise on 

 the same subject. His views agreed with those of Col. Whittle- 

 sey in the belief that the place of man in the creation is much 

 earlier than that usually given him, and that the age of the mound- 

 builders should be fixed much further back than the 6,000 vears 

 commonly allotted as the age of the human race. He enlarged 

 upon the evidences of civilization among this ancient race, and 

 showed, by exhibiting examples of their work, that they were not 

 only much further advanced in the arts than the red man, but that 



