76 Report of State Board of Horticulture. 



thence downward along the branches until a suitable place is 

 found in which to pupate. The old neglected orchard is the 

 delight of the codling moth. Amongst the rubbish on the 

 ground and in the fence corners, and under the loose, scaly 

 bark of its moss-covered limbs, are numerous choice spots in 

 which it can pass through its wonderful transformation se- 

 curely hidden from all foes. Many larvae of the second gen- 

 eration are yet in the fruit when it is gathered and are 

 carried with it into the storerooms. There they too find a 

 suitable place in which to pupate in cracks and crevices about 

 the room and the packages in which the fruit is stored. In 

 fact, when such storerooms are in proximity to orchards, they 

 form a prolific source of infection in spring unless some 

 method is employed to prevent the escape of the moths. It 

 is also certain that the principal means by which the insect 

 is introduced into new regions is in the packages in which 

 infested apples or pears have been packed. 



It would be interesting, and perhaps profitable, to know 

 where all the larvae spend their cocoons in well cared for 

 ■orchards of smooth young trees. Four or five years ago, Mr. 

 H. B. Miller, a successful orchardist of Grants Pass, sug- 

 gested to me that many of them must pupate in the soil. Mr. 

 Miller based his suggestions on the fact that very few cocoons 

 indeed could be found on his trees; and that he believed he 

 had obtained good results in lessening the amount of codling 

 moth injury in his orchard by frequent cultivation. In 1898, 

 at least 75 per cent of the Ben Davis apples in a certain or- 

 chard near Corvallis were rendered unmarketable by codling 

 moth injuries. In fact, the crop was not gathered. Hun- 

 dreds of wormy apples lay on the ground under every tree. 

 Late in the fall I examined six of these trees carefully. They 

 were not old. The bark was smooth and healthy except for 

 an occasional spot of apple tree anthracnose. On the six 

 trees I found less than half a dozen cocoons. Most of these 

 were in a piece of cloth that had been left in a crotch; only 

 two or three were found on the trees proper, and these were 

 above old anthracnose scars.' I was convinced that most of the 

 larvae must be secreted under clods and other objects on the 

 ground or about the crowns of various plants; but together 



