78 Report of State Board of Horticulture. 



second, the insect remains in the pupal stage only two or thre3 

 weeks. Then, by wiggling movements, aided by the spines on 

 the back of each segment, the pupa works its way out of its 

 cocoon and is born again. It is then a most beautiful object 

 — the moth. In breeding cages, moths of the first brood 

 emerged August 3, from cocoons that were spun July 19, 

 and in which the larva pupated July 21. Moths of the second 

 brood, which had developed from eggs deposited December 5, 

 and hatched September 12, emerged May 29. 



To show more clearly the times at which the moths appear' 

 I have compiled the following table from breeding-cage rec- 

 ords for 1898 and 1899. Beginning July 7, 1898, when the 

 first wormy apples were found, infested fruit was gathered 

 from time to time throughout the season and placed in cages. 

 The same process was followed in 1899. Careful records of 

 the dates of appearance of the moths was kept throughout the 

 fall of 1898. In 1899, during my absence the records were 

 efficiently kept by Mr. W. J. Gilstrap, a student assistant, 

 until September 7, when he resigned. However, on Septem- 

 ber 2, he observed that many moths of the second generation 

 had not emerged. It is, therefore, probable that they would 

 have continued to emerge at least until September 15, as 

 in 1898. 



NATURAL ENEMIES. 



As a moth, flying only at night; as a larva, living in a 

 citadel both entrances to which are barricaded; or as larva 

 and pupa, hidden securely away in the most secluded spots 

 and rendered almost invisible by the protective color of its 

 cocoon; it would seem that the codling moth should be safe 

 from all foes. Nevertheless the mortality is great in each of 

 its various stages. 



I -have observed many shrivelled eggs that did not hatch. 

 The same condition has been noted by others, notably Koebele, 

 Washburn, and Simpson. Washburn states that, "The moth 

 lays many eggs, but apparently only a certain proportion of 

 them develop." He thus conveys the impression that the 

 mortality is due to lack of fertilization. Simpson attributes 

 it to climatic conditions. Both may be right. I have noticed 

 that in breeding cages protected from the sun nearly every 



