APPEISDIX. 12' 



three boxes of Winesap were sold in Portland at $102. From this time 

 to 1869 the fall and winter shipments bimonthly to San Francisco, per 

 steamer, were from three thousand to six thousand boxes. 



In those days the foundation for many a princely fortune was laid, 

 and to-day many of our fellow citizens are enjoying the merited reward 

 of their enterprise in a luxurious competence and the "glorious priv- 

 ilege of being independent." But California with her proverbial enter- 

 prise, took in the situation and imported across the Isthmus of Panama 

 thousands of young trees and root grafts, which multiplied into millions, 

 and orchards, which had been set out all over the fertile valleys and 

 hillsides, were now coming into bearing; thus her local market was 

 supplied because she was an exporter. 



The business decreased from 1860 until 1870. Only a few boxes par 

 steamer of the late winter varieties were sent. These were the Yellow 

 Newtown Pippin, Winesap, Red Cheek Pippin, Genet, and Red Romanite, 

 which, grown in our cooler climate, kept until the California varieties 

 were gone. This marks the decadence of the fruit industry in Oregon. 

 California sent us apples, pears, cherries, plums, prunes, apricots, 

 grapes, and berries a month or two earlier than we could produce them; 

 and with them came many of the insect pests which she had imported 

 from Australia and the Eastei'n States, which hitherto had been un- 

 known to us. In our isolation we had no outlet by rail or water for 

 our surplus products. Transportation, such as we had, was enormously 

 expensive. We could not even ship dried fruits. Our elegant orchards 

 were neglected and the fruit allowed to fall to the ground and decay, 

 thus furnishing breeding grounds for the green and woolly "aphis" 

 and the "codling moth." 



To recapitulate: The establishment of orchards in California; the 

 fall of prices to something like a normal standard; over-production, 

 perhaps, on our part — at any rate the lack of demand at remunerative 

 prices for the fruits peculiar to this section — led to carelessness on the 

 part of growers, neglect of the most ordinary precautions, inattention 

 and wastefulness, which resulted not only in spontaneous breeding of 

 insect pests, but also to such conditions of ground and trees that made 

 them favorable to the immeasurably rapid propagation of them, when 

 the establishment of communication with infected points made their 

 introduction not only possible but certain. The natural result of this 

 much-to-be-deplored condition of affairs is too well knov^m to need elab- 

 oration. In this respect we were confronted with a condition, not a 

 theory; and while leaving this condition an open subject for further 

 reference before concluding, I pass on to a new era — premising that 

 the establishment of one, two, and three transcontinental railways, the 

 rapidly growing population of the Northwest extending back to the 

 valley of the Mississippi, the limited fruit area for the few hardy 

 varieties, present conditions to which we must now adjust ourselves. 



The Department of the Interior, recognizing the fact that the vast 

 "waste places" of the great Northwest, destined to be the homes of 



