138 Appendix. 



The salal (Gaultheria shallon) is scattered through the dense fir 

 forests of the State; is another beautiful, small shrub, evergreen, bear- 

 ing an acid, edible berry, size and color of the Oregon grape; much 

 sought by the Indians, and in early days made an excellent wine for 

 the resident Hudson Bay Company employees. The salal is a variety 

 of wintergreen, and seems to thrive best in the deep shade of the 

 forests; has not been cultivated. 



The serviceberry, or Juneberry, a small tree six to twelve feet high, 

 vs^e expect to make a good record for in the future. This has been 

 cultivated in other parts of the world and much improved. The service- 

 berry in the Willamette Valley grows in all soils, and at altitudes as 

 high as the snow line, bearing a sweetish, pleasant tasting berry about 

 the size of our largest wild cherry; as yet it has not been cultivated 

 with us or much utilized. 



A black haw {Crataegus brevispina) , not unlike the black haw of the 

 Middle West, is sparsely found in some localities. 



Our one filbert, hazel nut {Corylus Calif ornica) , is of the same 

 species as the imported nuts in our market, and closely approximating 

 in size, flavor and quality, and grows everywhere in our valleys, some- 

 times to a tree ten inches in diameter and from eight to fifteen feet 

 high. No effort is recorded of any attempt to cultivate or improve it. 



A kind of chinquapin chestnut {Castanopsis chrysophylla) , is a sym- 

 metrical growing tree, fifty to one hundred feet high, bearing abundantly 

 a small, hard-shell chestnut, sweet and edible. 



It is not too much to say that all the valleys and foothills of Oregon 

 are fruit lands, and abound in choice spots for the different fruits cul- 

 tivated in our climate. 



As, perhaps, is always true in a new country, the fruits of Willamette 

 Valley were uniformly large and free from insect pests or fungus 

 blights, consequently made a superlatively fine showing, stood handling 

 and transportation much better than the fruits of this valley to-day, 

 kept much longer and better; in fact, our winter apples and pears 

 generally kept until late in the spring. I premise that persistent and 

 thorough spraying may correct the present degenerate condition — pests 

 and blight. 



In those days it was not uncommon for Yellow Newtowns, Spitzenbergs, 

 Winesap, American Pippin, and the Easter Buerre pear, to keep well, 

 sometimes marketable as late as April and May. The Winesap was 

 then a fine keeper, as was also the Winter Nelis and Easter Buerre. 



We have always had the reputation of growing the largest fruits, 

 proven at all the world's fairs in this country, since at Philadelphia in 

 1876. Yet larger were the first fruits in the fifties and sixties. A 

 letter from Mr. John Barnard, published in the Oregonian, a few days 

 since, will give some idea of the size of the Gloria Mundi apple, which 

 in those days was not uncommonly twenty-four to thirty-six ounces irt 

 weight. Other apples were accordingly large. I quote: 



