APPENDIX. 213 



Late fall budding — Thi.s is the kind of budding- more commonly practiced 

 among nurserymen, the buds being- inserted into the stock as late in the 

 season as the bark of the stock will separate freely to receive it. In such 

 instances the bud remains dormant through the following winter. The fol- 

 lowing spring the wrap])ing' is removed and wherever the buds appear sound 

 the tops of the stocks are cut back and treated in the same manner as 

 described for June budding. All buds on the stocks below the one inserted 

 should be rubbed off as they start to grow. The objection to early, or June, 

 budding is that the growth from snch buds does not always mature suffi- 

 ciently in northern secti(ms to pass a severely cold wintei' without injury. 



GRAFTING. 



(drafting, unlike budding, is usually performed during the dormant period 

 of growth. It is performed by carefully fitting a small dormant twig or 

 scion of the variety we wish to propagate into a cut in a stock or seedling- 

 tree which we wish to change. There are several forms of grafting, but 

 they dilf er more in method than in results. In fact, so far as the top of the 

 tree is concerned the results are the same in all cases, w'hether we bud or 

 graft. The object sought is to change an undesirable or uncertain tree into 

 one which we know will i)r()duce a certain variety whose fruit will possess 

 certain desirable characteristics. 



Splice grdflivy — This is a simple form and is used when the stock and 

 scion are very nearly the same size. It consists in splicing- or lapping the 

 scion on the stock by scarfing each at the same angle. ( Fig. '2. a). When a 

 close joint is secured the parts are held in place by means of some kind of 

 wrapping material. ( Fig. 2, d). 



Tongue grafting — This form differs from splice-gi^afting in that both scion 

 and stock are split at corresponding points on the scarf with a thin-bladed 

 knife so as to form tongues as represented in Fig. 2. b and c. The object of 

 this is to unite more firmly the two portions and present a larger surface for 

 the effusion of cell tissue, and to promote the callusing process. This is the 

 method commonly practiced by nurserymen under the name of root-grafting. 

 Root-yraftiug — Thrifty one-year-old stocks grown from seed are taken up 

 in the fall, and stored in a cellar or buried in the soil, where they will keep 

 fresh and be accessible at any time when wanted. The scions having been 

 secured in the fall, the work of grafting may be performed at any tiine dur- 

 ing the winter. The roots only are used in this method, and they may be 

 cut in two or more sections according to their size and length or the desire 

 of the propagator. But the larger or stronger roots as a rule may be relied 

 upon for the most satisfactory results. 



In the foregoing methods of grafting, but especially in the first, the parts 

 must be held together by some kind of bandage or tie. This may be made 

 t>f thin cotton cloth or tough manila paper spread with melted grafting wax, 

 and, when cool, cut or torn in narrow strips of convenient width for wrapping, 

 as described in formula No. 1 for grafting wax (p. 214). But the most com- 

 mon method now practiced is in using cotton yarn drawn through melted 

 wax and wound upon a spool, from w^hich it is used when wanted ( Fig. 3). 



