Al'PENDIX. 'I'll 



with a heavy plow a furrow where the rows of trees are to be set and then 

 })ack furrowing- the space between them, making a land section with a tree 

 row in the center. This method affords a deeper tilth under the trees, and. 

 at the same time, surface-drainage into the opening and finishing furrow- 

 midway between the rows, which will receive, and if properly graded, cai-ry 

 off any sui-plus water which may accumulate from heavy rainfalls. 



DISTANCES FOR PLANTING. 



A decision as to the pi'oper distance apart to set trees varies with ditt'er- 

 ent plantings. Some plant sixteen by thirty-two feet — that is, the rows one 

 way are thirty-two feet apart. The object of this method is to obtain a croj) 

 from the trees until they begin to interfere with each other, when every 

 alternate tree in the row is cut out, leaving the trees in the entire orchard 

 at a distance of thirty-two feet each way. The trees to be cut out should be 

 early-bearing, short-lived varieties. This system has the advantage of util- 

 izing the land between the rows, which becojnes a source of great fruit product 

 before the thinning out becomes necessary. 



Other planters adopt a distance between trees of twenty, twenty-four, and 

 thirty feet apart each way, claiming that by the time the trees interfere 

 with each other they will have finished their growth and the orchard will 

 begin to decline. But it is generally conceded that thirty-two to forty feet 

 is the preferred standard distance. If the distance of forty feet each way is 

 adopted, it will afford ample space between the rows for growing any crop 

 which requires cultivation, such as corn, beans, jiotatoes, etc. Such culti- 

 vation is highly important and necessary for the maintenance of moisture in 

 the soil and to the health and vigor of the trees. This distance will afford 

 f i-ee circulation of air and abundance of sunlight, both of which are essential 

 to the growing of well-developed and highly-colored fruit. As stated else- 

 where, small grain should never be grown among fruit trees, especially when 

 the orchard is young. 



SEASON FOR PLANTING. 



This question is governed somewhat by latitudes. In southern latitudes 

 late fall or the early part of the winter may be safe for planting. But in 

 most of the states early spring is considered the better time. Fall planting 

 has the objection against it that the roots of a tree do not take hold of the 

 ground sufficiently to supply enough moisture to maintain a healthy, active 

 circulation of the sap, which is required to prevent shriveling of the branches 

 during winter's extreme cold and exhaustive evaporation from drying winds. 



SELECTION OF TREES. 



This is a very important part of orcharding, for upon care and judgment 

 in the selection of ti-ees dejjend largely future profits of the investment. 

 Strong, stocky, and vigorous one or two-year-old trees, called whips by 

 nurserymen, having well-developed root systems, are preferable. Trees of 



