APPENDIX. 



223 



insects less numerous, his efforts ^^^ave faii-ly satisfactory result;^. Now, 

 however, conditions have changed and many of the sorts that were once 

 popular and profitable are considered valueless. So that, notwithstanding- 

 the list of desirable varieties is irreatly increased, g^rowers find themselves 

 compelled to study more carefully the adajitability of the varieties suited to 

 their special conditions and purposes. 



Need of succession as affectiny selection — In making- up a list of varieties 

 for a family orchard, it is hiirhly important to select such as will i-ipen in 

 succession, so as to furnish the family with fruit throughout the entii-eyear. 

 This can be readily done by planting the early-ripening sorts, folio vved by 

 late summer, fall, and long-keeping winter varieties. 



PLANTING. 



The land having been prepare by plowing, and manured when needed, 

 the lines to guide the planter maybe marked off with a plow run deeply, 

 opening a furrow in the direction that will afford drainage, into 

 which the trees may be set without digging holes, especially if 

 in clay land, which Avould form basins that would retain water 

 too long- after a heavv rainfall. 



DETAILS OF SETTING THE YOUNG TREES. 



The work of jjlanting is made comparatively easy by the 



method recommended in the foregoing, viz. by the opening of a 



furrow with a jilow for the rows, and 



cross-checking to indicate the point at 



which to set the trees. When planting, 



cut back the top ( Fig. 5 ) to a point 



where the future head is to be formed. 



smooth off the ends of all the bruised 



and broken roots, then set, at the point 



in the row indicated by the cross-check. 



straighten the roots out into a natural 



position, and fill in among them, firmly. 



fine dirt, and tramp all down Avith the 



foot. It is best to set the tree a little 



deeper than when in the nursery, and 

 ;^tk-W^^— >L^ leaning slightly to the south or south- 

 west, to brace them against prevailing 



winds. By this position the tops will 



soon shade and protect the bodies from 



the intense heat of the summer sun. 



which is liable to cause sun scald. After pi 

 the planting of the orchard is completed, the open 

 furrows between the trees may be filled up by plow- 

 ing one or more furrows against the row. The second year the young shoots 

 must usually be cut back again. ( See Fig. 6 '. ) 



Fig. .').— One- 

 yea r -o 1 d 

 tree with 

 line show- 

 ing where 

 to cutback 



'i'^ 



fl. — Two-year-old tree 

 with lines to show where 

 to cut back. 



