282 REPORT OF STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 



details of its habits and life. The most noteworthy German discussions 

 during this period, from 1750 to 1875, were those of Schmidberger, Ratze- 

 burg, and Noerdlinger. The excellent discussions by "Rusticus '' (1833) 

 and by Westwood (1838) still remain the best in the English literature. 

 Among the best discussions in the French literature are those of Goreau 

 ( 1861 ) and Boisduval ( 1867 ). 



Although the insect had been introduced into America many years before 

 ( its introduction and spread in America is discussed later on ) it seems to 

 have been first noticed in American literature in 181i^. Mr. .Joseph Tufts, 

 of Charlestown, Massachusetts, then published an account of rearing a 

 moth, instead of the plum curculio, which had been previously thought to 

 be the sole cause of wormy apples in America. Thatcher had made the 

 same discovery when he wrote the second edition of his American Orchard- 

 ist in 1825. This is apparently' the first notice of the insect in any horticul- 

 tural book, and, although Europeans had been writing of it for nearly two 

 hundred years, it is a curious fact that, so far as we can glean from the lit- 

 erature, it remained for this American writer to make the first suggestion 

 for controlling the insect. Apparently it was not realized until 1832, when 

 Doctor Harris called attention to the fact that the insect which caused wormy 

 apples in America was the same as the well-known European insect. Only 

 two noteworthy discussions of the insect appeared in American literature 

 during the next thirty years. In 1841 Doctor Harris gave a very good account 

 in his Insects of Massachusetts; and in 18-I-6 Miss Morris i:)ublished in the 

 American AyricnlturiM some original observations, accompaiued by the first 

 American picture of the insect. This picture is reproduced in Fig. 126. 



The American literature of this i:)est since 1864 is doubtless nearly as 

 voluminous as that of all other countries combined. During this period the 

 following Americans have made notable additions to our knowledge of the 

 insect and how to combat it: Trimble (1865), Walsh (1868). Riley (1868, 

 1873 ), Le Baron ( 1873 ), Cook ( 1875, 1888 ), Cooke ( 1881 ), Chapin ( 1883 ), 

 Atkins ( 1884 ), Goflf ( 1886 ), Forbes ( 1886, 1887 ), Wickson ( 1887 ), Howard 

 (1888 J, Gillette (1889, 1891), Popenoe ( 1889 j. Washburn (1891, 1893), 

 Koebele ( 1890 ), Munson ( 1892 j, Lodeman ( 1892, 1893 ), Marlatt ( 1894, 1895 ) 

 Smith (1894, 1897), and Card (1897.) The best and most comprehensive 

 discussions of the insect are those by Le Baron. Cook ( 1875 ), Cooke ( 1881 ), 

 Howard ( 1888 ), (xillette ( 1891 i. and Washburn ( 1893). 



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE INSECT. 



The native home of this insect, like that of its principal food, the apple, 

 was doubtless Southeastern Europe. It is now a cosmopolitan pest, occur- 

 ring in nearly every corner of the globe where apples are cultivated. It is 

 especially destructive in Europe, the United States, and Canada, and in the 

 English colonies of South Africa, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. 

 It is said to have been seen in Victoria about 1855, in Tasmania at least as 

 early as 1861, in New Zealand in 1874. and in South Australia and South 

 Africa about 1885. It has been a serious pest in Canada for many years, but 

 it seems to have not yet gained a foothold in British Columbia. In 1871 

 Zeller reported having received it from Brazil. 



