APPENDIX. 285 



in 1728 ; and from this has come the common names, " apple and pear worm 

 or moth, fruit worm, fruit moth," and others, under which the insect is now 

 discussed in nearly all publications except those in the English languag-e. 

 While the very appropriate name of "apple worm"' is also often used by 

 English and American writers, they usually discuss the pest under the per- 

 haps less suggestive name of "codling moth." 



This name was first given to the insect in 174", by Wilkes, an English 

 writer; as he figures a codling tree (the name then applied to a kind of apple 

 tree), in connection with his account, this doubtless suggested the name. 

 The word "codling" is doubtless a corruption of the old English word 

 " querdlyng," meaning at first (in the fifteenth century) any immature or 

 half-gi'own apple, then in the seventeenth century being applied to a variety 

 suitable to be cooked while still unripe, cut the peculiar codling shape, seems 

 to have determined its modern application to certain varieties of apples. At 

 the present time, most horticulturists and some entomologists are spelling 

 the name " codlin ;*' and sometimes the form "coddling" appears. Neither 

 of these forms or variations have any etymological evidence to support them, 

 and the name of the insect should be spelled "codling moth:" as originally 

 given in 1747.* 



Scientific nnme — The name by which this insect is recognized by scien- 

 tists the world over, was given to it by Linnaeus in 1758. This great natur- 

 alist named it pinnnnilht, and his description of it consists of only six words : 

 " Alls nebulosis postice macularubra aurea. "t 



As our knowledge of the world's insect fauna advanced, the generic posi- 

 tion of this insect was changed from the Tinea of Linnaeus through PijraU!<, 

 Trntrix, etc., until now all scientists agree in calling it by the generic name 

 (which corresponds somewhat to our sirname ) of Oarpocapsa, which was 

 proposed in 1830. This name comes from two Greek words meaning " I eat 

 fruit greedily." The specific name comes from the Latin word for apple. 

 The scientific name of the insect, fjarpocapm pomoncUd, thus aptly expresses 

 its characteristic habits. 



*The form "codlin " was used as early as 1715 in connection with a kind of apple, but 

 seems nf>t to have l^ecn used in speaking of the insect until a century or more later. 

 Nearly all prominent horticulturists and most English and Australasian writers now use 

 the form "coodlin-moth." but nearly all American entomologists still spell it "codling 

 moth." While the shorter form thus has the sanction of good usage, its only excuse for 

 existence, so far as we can learn from those who use it, is that it is shorter and thus saves 

 time In writing. The shortening makes it a ditferent word, both in form and pronuncia- 

 tion. The encyclopeedias offer contradictory and unreliable evidence. The dictionaries 

 are our most reliable sources of information on on such questions and although both 

 forms are given in most of them, we find that "codlin" is considered by the Century 

 Dictionary as practicallv obsolete, and by the Standard Dictionary is recognized simply 

 as a variant. .Still stronger evidence in favor of the incorrectness of "codlin" is the 

 fact that the original word is made up of "cod " and the old English diminutive suffix 

 "ling:" and it is manifestly an inexcusable violation of etymological rules to drop the 

 " g " of the " ng " of this suffix, thus making practically a new word, simply for the sake 

 of brevity in writing, not in speaking. The most reliable authorities on compounding 

 words also use the hyphen in the name, thus, "codling-moth." As to the form "cod- 

 dling-moth," noted etymological authorities ( the Century and Murray's New English 

 Dictionaries) agree that there is doubtless no connection between the verb "coddle" and 

 "codling," meaning an unripe apple; the resemblance is purely accidental, the verb 

 appeared later, and there is no required precedent form of " coddling-apple." 



fin 1775, Fabrlcius gave it the name of pomana, and a year later it was namedpomo- 

 nana by Schiffenmuller. It is a curious and, to us, an unexplainablefact that nearly all 

 continental European writers on economic entomology should still use this name, pomo- 

 nana. The fact that the same insect was described and named by I.innaeus as pomonella 

 eighteen years before, and thus has priority, seems never to have been (luestioned. \V by 

 pamonana should still be used seems a mystery. 



