APPENDIX. 287 



bore another much more conspicuous, yet constant and peculiar mark. In 

 Fig. 130 are shown a male (on the right) and a female moth, twice natural 

 size, as seen from beneath. It requires but a glance to see that on the un- 

 derside of each front wing in the male there is a distinct, narrow, elongate, 

 blackish spot, which is entirely lacking on the female. The spots consist 

 .simply of a group of blackish scales. The spot extends nearly to the base of 

 the wing, and is more distinct on some specimens, but in our experience it 

 has always been distinct enough to render it an easy matter to distinguish 

 the males at a glance, no lens being necessary. We cannot understand how 

 this sexual marking could have escaped the notice of entomologists for a 

 couple of centuries. Doubtless others have seen these spots, but we have 

 not been able to find the slightest hint that they might be a sexual charac- 

 teristic either in systematic or economic discussions of the insect. 



THE STORY OF THE LIFE OF THE CODLING MOTH. 



Perhaps the biography of no other insect pest has been written so often 

 as that of the codling moth. Begun by Goedaerdt in 16."55, and considerably 

 extended by Reaumur in 1736, it was fairly well understood by Roesel as 

 early as 174K. Since then the insect has been studied under many varying 

 conditions in nearly all climes, and naturally different observers have been 

 able to add many interesting details in regard to variations in its habits and 

 life-history. Yet there are many interesting things to be learned about 

 this common insect pest before its complete biography can be written. Our 

 story of its life which follows is the result of a critical study of all of the 

 biographies available, supplemented by many personal observations on the 

 insect in all its stages. This story may very properly begin with that stage 

 in which life begins for the insect. 



THE EGG. . 



It is a curious and striking fact that it is only within the past few years 

 that anything definite has been recorded about the egg itself, in which so 

 common and important an insect pest begins its life. Recent observations 

 in this connection have brought out some facts which are of vital import- 

 ance to the fruitgrower. 



Histoncal notes — By whom or when the eggs were first seen, we have been 

 imable to determine. ' In spite of the fact that nearly every account since 

 Roesel's in 1746. contains definite statements regarding where they are laid, 

 and as early as 1855 we find it stated that they are said to be of a pale, yel- 

 lowish-red "color, yet there is no definite evidence to show that the eggs 

 were ever seen on'an apple before 1870. and perhaps not until nearly twenty 

 rears later. The eggs have often been taken from the body of the moth, 

 and Rilev's description of them as "tiny yellow eggs" (1869). and Fernald's 

 brief description (Bull. 12 of Mass. Expt. Sta., 1891) were undoubtedly 

 made from eggs thus obtained. If Cook saw numbers of the eggs, as he 

 states, in 1874, on or in the calyx of the young fruit, it seems strange that 

 he has never given us a hint as to how they looked, and that no other ob- 

 server since has ever found them on or in, although sometimes near, the 

 oalyx. In 1881, Cook saw eggs which a codling moth had deposited in a vial, 

 and in 1882, Miss Walton states that some of the moths laid a lot of eggs in 

 her cyanide bottle, but her description does not apply to any of the eggs we 

 have ever seen. 



