APPENDIX. 289 



blossom end, and sometimes near the stem or even on the side of the fruit, 

 was apparently the only foundation for the common notion that the eggs 

 must have been laid at the^^e points. 



However, in 1889 and 1891, observers in California and New Zealand 

 noticed that the eggs were laid almost anywhere else on the fruit than in or 

 on the calyx ; some were even seen on the stems of pears. In 1892 Wash- 

 burn found the eggs ••placed on both the sides and the top of the fruit.'' 

 In the spring of 18ii() we saw the egg of the codling moth for the fii'st time : 

 a moth had been induced to lay it on an apple in one of our cages. A little 

 later we had no trouble in lindiing many eggs in orchards. In confinement 

 we found that the nvoths laid their eggs almost anywhere it happened, on 

 the sides of the cage, on the leaves or bark of branches placed in the cage, 

 and sometimes several eggs were laid in a cluster, overlapping each other: 

 Goethe had a similar experience in (Germany in 1895. 



During the past two years we have seen hundreds of the eggs on apples 

 in New York orchards and have never yet seen one on or down in between 

 the calyx lobes on the so-called blossom end. We have seen eggs near the 

 calyx, in old curculio scars, near the stem, and have found what appeared 

 to be codling moth eggs even on the leaves of the tree. Most of the eggs 

 we found were glued to the skin, apparently without much choice as to 

 location, on the smooth surface of the fruit, as shown at a and i-, b in Fig. 131. 



During the past year Mr. Card has found the eggs in Nebraska. He 

 states that "instead of being laid in the calyx, we find that the eggs are 

 laid exclusively on the upper surface of the leaves, in the orchard, though 

 in confinement they may be laid anywhere. Tiiey are usually found on 

 leaves of a cluster associated with apple." 



In the light of these definite facts, the old stereotyped notion that the eggs 

 are usually laid in the calyx, must be discarded. The eggs may be glued 

 anywhere it happens to the surface of the fruit, to the stem, or even on the 

 adjacent leaves. A glance at the ovipositor of the moth, represented at o 

 in Fig. 131, shows that it is only adapted for laying eggs on the surface of the 

 fruit or leaf. It is qnite flat and hoof-like in appearance, and strongly beset 

 with hairs. The eggs of the second or more broods, wherever such occur, 

 are probably laid in similar situations : Koebele found them in California in 

 August, 1889, on the stem, on the fruit near the stem, on the upper half and 

 near the calyx of pears. 



It seems that there has been considerable ditt'erence of opinion on the 

 important question of when the eggs are laid ; that is, at what stage in the 

 development of the fruit are they laid. The records on this point vary from 

 "just before the petals fall" to ••nearly a month after the blossoms dropped." 

 The common notion has been that the eggs were laid soon after the blossom 

 fell, but apparently with no definite evidence to support it. When Koebele 

 and Wier first found the eggs in California, the fruit was about an inch in 

 diameter. In 1889 Gillette noted in Iowa that no worms hatched until nearly 

 a month after the blossoms fell, and the apples were then an inch in diame- 

 ter. Both in 18SJ6 and 1897 we were unable to find any eggs on either early 

 or late varieties of apples in orchards at Ithaca, New York, until the fruit 

 had reached the size shown at o, b, b, in Fig. 131 : this was during the last 

 week in May, and the blossoms had been off for a week or more, and the 

 calyx lobes had drawn together. Furthermore, moths did not begin to 

 emerge in our cages in any numbers until a few days before we found eggs 



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