APPENDIX. 291 



Duration of the cgij .stage — Roesel stated in 1T4() that the eggs hatched in 

 eight days. Later observers record a variation of from four to ten days. 

 The eggs under our observation hatched in about a week, and this is doubt- 

 less about the usual duration of this stage. 



A day or two after the egg is laid, a narrow whitish or yellowish ring can 

 be plainly seen through the shell. A day or so later this ring takes on a 

 decided reddish tinge: it is visible in the picture of an egg at c in Fig. 131. 

 Soon after this the black head of the developing caterpillar and the outline 

 of its body can be ])lainly seen. At /* in Fig. 131 is shown an egg with the 

 little caterpillar almost ready to emerge. 



THE YOUNG APPLE WORM AND ITS HABITS. 



How it gets out of (he egg and its characteristics — Roesel tells us in 174b, that 

 the little caterpillar "comes out of that part of the egg where it lies on the 

 fruit, so that the very small opening may not be observed, because it is yet 

 covered by the eggshell Avhich still adheres."' We find no other hint in the 

 literature on this point until Washbui-n observed in 1892 that the young 

 worms "broke or ate their way through the shell and entered the apple 

 somewhere else than at the spot occupied by the egg.''^ A caterpillar which 

 we saw emerge, came out of the egg near the edge at one end. In the 

 picture of an eggshell at es and es in Fig. 131, one can see at the upper end 

 a small black spot and extending from this to the right is an irregular 

 whitish line which was the crack made by the worm when it pushed its way 

 out. 



A newly-hatched apple worm measures scarcely a sixteenth of an inch in 

 length, and is of a semi-transparent whitish color, with a shiny black head 

 and blackish thoracic and anal shields. Usually the body is marked with 

 many quite distinct blackish spots, regularly arranged and each bearing a 

 short hair. In Fig. 132, is represented an apple worm only a few days old, 

 much enlarged, upon which these spots were very distinct. 



The first meal of the little apple vorm — We have seen some of the newly- 

 hatched caterpillars eating their first meal. After emerging from the egg, 

 those we saw wandered about upon the surface of the apple until they found 

 some angular place like the point where the calyx lobes join the skin of the 

 fruit, or near the stem, or in an old curculio scar, or where a leaf or another 

 apple touched the one upon which the worm hatched ; often they simply 

 crowded in between two of the calyx lobes and got their first meal within 

 the little cavity at the blossom end. In short, our observations agree with 

 those of Koebele and Washburn that the young caterpillar enters the fruit 

 somewhere else than at the point where the egg is laid. 



When asiiitable place was found, the worm often tunneled its way through 

 the skin and went directly toward the core. Where a leaf or another apple 

 touched, the worm sometimes ate away the skin for a space about as large 

 as a pin's head, before burrowing in ; in this case the entrance hole was 

 closed with a network of silken threads in which bits of apple were inter- 

 mingled. In one instance, a worm ate little holes through the skin near the 

 stem in three or four places before it finally began its journey toward the 

 core ; other writers have noted this same habit of the young worms in first 

 entering the fruit. Thus the young caterpillar may get its first meal at 



