Al'PENDIX. 293 



While at work in the blossDUi end or in tuunelini>- to the i;ore from any 

 point on the fruit, the young- worms apparently try to keep their home 

 clean by throwing their excrement out at the entrance hole. Once'fairly 

 at work in the core, however, little or no trouble is talcen to remove the 

 grains of excrement; they are often found in the worm i-avity fastened 

 together by silken threads.* 



Preparations for leaving the ./Vm//— Several days before the apple worm 

 gets full-grown, it proceeds to eat a ])assage way. usually by the 

 shortest route toward the exterior. This exit tunnel often follows the 

 entrance burrow, and thus often opens at the blos^m end. but usually the 

 external opening or, familiar "worm hole,"' occurs in the side of the fruit. 

 When the worm reaches the surface with its exit tunnel, it uses the opening 

 as a door, out of which it tlirows its excrement ; it apparently keeps the hole 

 closed with a network of silken threads, in which are mingled particles of 

 apple bitten off by the worm and with gi'ains of excrement. An exit hole 

 thus stopped up is shown, enlarged, at a in Fig. 134. This "worm hole"' 

 often remains in this condition for several days, the caterpillar evidently 

 feeding inside and making further preparations to leave the fruit forever. 



The codling moth usually spends from twenty to thirty days of its life as 

 a caterpillar feeding inside the fruit. 



Are two or more fmits ever attacked by the Kanic icorni .'— Roesel believed 

 that the worms often went from one opple to another, even though the apple 

 fell to the ground and' the worm had to climb the tree again. Later 

 observers have only seen indications of where a worm has left one fruit and 

 entered annother touching it while the fruits were still on the tree. 

 There is no authentic evidence to show that more than two apples are ever 

 entered by the same worm. Usually the apple worm gets its growth in the 

 same fruit where it got its lirst meal. 



The number of icorms in a single fruit — Usually but one apple worm occurs 

 in fruit, but several instances are recorded where two, three, or even four 

 worms have been found in one fruit. Out of two hundred and one apples 

 examined by Atkins, in Main, in 1S82, nine had been penetrated by three 

 worms each, and forty-seven by two worms each : in no case did a worm 

 gnaw through into the burrow of another. When two or more worms are 

 found in the same fruit, they are usually quite different in size, and may 

 belong- to different broods. 



Effect of their work on the fniit— Usually fruit in which the apple worm is 

 at work shows signs of a premature ripening. This is especially true of 

 early varieties, and "windfalls'" are often the final result. In the case of 

 late varieties, however, the infested fruit often remains on the tree and 

 ripens naturally with the others, the worms thus having but little effect on 

 the fruit, except to render it unattractive to buyers and eaters. Usually 

 wormy fruit is practically worthless for almost any purpose, but much of it 

 is often fed to stock, or to us in the form of sweet cider. 



♦Reaumur thought this was purposely done by the worm to prevent the pellets from 

 being thrown about in the c-avitv by the motions of the iiuit. This may Ije true, or it 

 may be more probable that, like inany other caterpillars, this ai)pl(' woi-m spin^ a thread 

 wherever it goes around in its home, and the pellets sinii)l.\- ud entangled in these 

 threads. 



