296 REPORT OF statf: board of horticulture. 



Holland, Germany ( except possibly the southwestern portion i. and the more 

 northern countries. The evidence from Reaumur, Pissot, and Schmidt- 

 berger indicate two broods in France and Austria, or south of latitude 50 

 degrees ; recent evidence from Italy indicates three broods there. 



In America the evidence thus far submitted shows a similar, and in some 

 instances, a more striking variation in the number of broods of the insect. 

 The observations of Atkins, Harvey, and Munson in Maine, indicate one 

 regular or full brood and a partial ; in some years, possibly, nearly a full, 

 second brood in that state. This statement will doubtless also apply to most 

 of the New England States, and, so far as our observations indicate, it is 

 also true of New York State. 



In 1871 Mr. Chapin, of East Bloomlleld, New York, found that by caging 

 some of the insects in July that a second brood of the moths appeared in 

 August ( Country Gentleman, January 25, 1871 ). We have bred moths in 

 August here at Ithaca from cocoons spun in July, and our observations indi- 

 cate that in New York State the number of worms of the first brood which 

 develop into moths the same season depends largely upon the weather con- 

 ditions which affect the earliness or lateness of the opening of spring. In 

 189ft, for instance, spring opened earlier than usual in New York and every- 

 thing was very favorable for the development of insect life for several 

 weeks, with the result that there was evidently nearly if not quite a full 

 second brood of the codling moth, for a much larger percentage of the 

 apples than usual were injured late in the season. We believe that there is 

 always a partial second brood of the insect in New York, and in some years 

 probably a full second brood in many parts of the state. 



There is conclusive evidence of two full broods of the insect in Illinois, 

 Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado, with indications of a 

 partial third brood in Southern Illinois, and in Nebraska and Colorado. In 

 the higher altitudes of California there are apparently but two broods 

 (Bull. 22, U. S. Div. of Ent., p. 89), while three broods appear in other 

 parts of the state. Observations in Oregon and New Mexico indicate three 

 broods there also. 



The evidence submitted from New Jersey indicates some peculiar varia- 

 tions in the life of the insect in that state. In 18(i5 Trimble recorded that 

 he found pupa3 under some of his bands at Newark, New Jersey, on August 

 10, and on August 20 and 23 he found that '-about one in five of the worms 

 had transformed to moths ; " thus demonstrating at least a partial second 

 brood in that part of the state. In 1891 Smith recorded some experiments 

 extending over three years, from which he recently concludes that "near 

 New Brunswick there is positively a single annual brood only."' But he 

 admits that "south of Burlington County there is at least a partial second 

 brood." In the same paragra])h he also states that the moths emerge 

 earlier at New Brunswick than Card records them in Nebraska, where there 

 are at least two broods of the insect. It seems strange that there should be 

 such a diiference in the life of this insect within a distance of less than 

 thirty miles in the same state. But there seems to be something peculiar 

 about the conditions near New Brunswick, New Jersey, for Smith finds that 

 other insects, notably the elm-leaf beetle, lead a different life there than 

 they do only a comparatively short distance either to the north or south. 



In 1895 Fletcher reported that "careful observatioQS made during the 

 last ten years convince me that in this part of ( 'anada (Ottawa) there is 



