AI>PENDIX. 297 



only one regular brood of this insect in the year. Thi.s is, I believe, the case 

 us far west as Toronto. In the fruit-growinjj districts of West Ontario there 

 are two broods, the second brood being invariably the most destructive." 



From the above evidence we conclude that there is one well-defined brood 

 ;ind usually a more or less complete second brood of the codliny moth yearly 

 in the New Enjrland States, New York and most of New .Tersey, and part of 

 <'anada. Two well-defined annual broods occur in Michicran. Illinois, Iowa, 

 Missouri, Kansas. Nebraska, Western Ontario, and Colorado, with some- 

 times a partial third ])rood in some localities and sea.sons. In California, 

 Or'-oon, New Mexico, and in the South there seems to be three broods an- 

 nually. We should have more definite observations on this point in many 

 .states. It is not possible to define these different rejjfions by parallels of 

 latitude, for the variation in the number of Imjods depends upon differences 

 in climate, temjierature, and altitude.* 



Whenever the first brood of worms transforms into moths the same season, 

 tliis usually occurs late in July and durinj^ Au<>ust. and the second brood of 

 worms work from August on, many of them even completing their growth 

 Jifter the fruit is stored. In those i)arls of Europe where the insect is single- 

 brooded, the moths do not appear from the winter cocoons imtil the middle 

 of June and in .Tuly. The second brood is usually more destt-uctive than the 

 first, as it is more unmerous and woi-ks in the later and more valuable varie- 

 ties of fruit. In some years the partial second brood which works in New 

 York State spoils many more apples than the first brood. 



This question of the number of broods of this pest is of gi'eat practical 

 importance in connection with the methods of combating it. We have 

 learned how to quite successfully control it where there is one and a partial 

 second brood, or even tjvo broods annually, but where there are more than 

 two broods we are not so successful. 



HOW THE SECOND BROOD WORKS. 



Doubtless the eggs of the second brood, like those of the first, are laid 

 anywhere it happens on the fruit or possibly on the leaves, but not so many 

 of the young worms enter the fruit at the blossom end, many of them enter- 

 ing at other points. Instead of making their way to the core soon after en- 

 tering, many of the worms of the second brood seem to feed for some little 

 time in the flesh just beneath the skin near the point where they entered, 

 forming there a shallow mine. This results in a large wormy spot which 

 greatly disfigures the fruit, as shown on the two lower apples in Fig. 137 : 

 often a leaf may be fastened down to the fruit over the spot, as shown on 

 one of the apples. In 1896 there was much complaint from New York 

 apple growers on account of so much of their fruit having these wormy spots 



* Mr. Marlatt suggests ( Proc. Ent. Soc. of Wash., III., p. 228 ) that " Doctor Merriam's 

 map showing the distribution of the total (juantity of heat during the season of growth 

 ;iU(l reproductive activity, presents an interesting agreement in its zones with the avail- 

 jitile records in regard to tlie number of broods of this insect. * * * At least, a good 

 basis is furnished for future observations." He thinljs tiiat the data thus far submitted 

 indicates one annual brood in Doctor Merriam's transitional zone, two annual broods 

 may be expected in the upper austral life-zone, and three annual broods in the lower 

 -Tustral zone. 



