298 REPORT OP STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 



on them late in the season ; most growers did not realize that it was the 

 work of their old enemy, the codling- moth. Perhaps the more common 

 method of work of this second brood, however, in many localities is shown 

 on the upper apple in Fig. 137. That is, the worm enters the blossom end, 

 but instead of soon making its way to the core, it extends its feeding grounds 

 out into the fruit around the calyx, forming a shallow mine just under the 

 skin. Sometimes the flesh is thus mined out for a distance of half an inch 

 from the calyx, the worms often attaining their full growth there. Harvey 

 records that in Maine, in 1888, three-fourths of the apples from some locali- 

 ties showed this work of the second brood of worms around the calyx. 

 Whether the second brood often works in this peculiar manner in other 

 parts of the country, especially where there is a third brood, we cannot 

 say. It is probable that many of the worms which are hatched late in 

 the season, of whatever brood, work in this manner. 



HOW THE INSECT PASSES THE WINTER. 



Almost invariably the codling moth winters as a caterpillar in its 

 cocoon. Differences in latitude, climate, or altitude -seem to cause no vari- 

 ation from this rule.* (3ften some of the worms go into winter quarters 

 in August. As worms of all sizes may be found in the fruit late in the 

 fall, doubtless many of the young ones perish, unless they are lucky enough 

 to be carried into the storeroom where they may continue feeding and finish 

 their growth. 



One can readily find these hibernating worms in the winter or early 

 spring, snugly curled up in their cocoons, by carefully examining the loose 

 bark on almost any old apple tree which bore much fruit the previous sea- 

 son. It is interesting to watch the caterpillars when their cocoon has been 

 torn open, even in the winter. They soon bestir themselves and proceed to 

 repair the damage at once. If removed from the cocoon they will spin 

 another, and we have had a worm make two or three new and complete 

 cocoons after being removed very early in the spring from the one in which 

 it hibernated. 



WHEN THE MOTHS APPEAR IN THE SPRING. 



Those hibernating worms which escape the birds during the winter, 

 change to brown pupae, shown in Fig. 136, in the spring, and in from two to 

 three weeks the moths emerge. The date of the emergence of the moths 

 depends much upon the place where the worms hibernated, and upon the 

 weather conditions prevailing in the spring. Oftentimes the cocoons are 

 spun in temporary storerooms in the fall, where the subsequent tempera- 

 ture is so warm as to cause the insect to transform considerably sooner than 

 it naturally would on the trunk of a tree ; or, if the wormy apples are placed 

 in a cold cellar, the transformation of the worm may be unnaturally pro- 



*Mr. Howard records an apparent exception to this rule. Specimens of the insect 

 were received at the Department of Agriculture from Kansas, on November 15, were in 

 the pupa state vvlien sent tiiree days before. They were kept in a warm room and tlie 

 naoths issued in January. 



