APPENDIX. 301 



the ground on the lower leaves and often distant from fruit trees. By their 

 peculiar flif>-ht they are easily distinguished from any other species of moth. "' 

 Goethe found in his experiments in Germany that the moths were the most 

 active about 9 P. M. Most of the eggs are thus doubtless laid in the evening. 



Unlike many other moths, the codling moth is not attracted to lights. 

 This has been demonstrated several times by careful experiments with ti-ap- 

 lanterns in orchards. 



The moth has a slender, pointed tongue with which it sometimes sips or 

 sucks up sweet substances. LeBaron saw the moths feed freely upon lumps 

 of moist sugar and slices of sweet apple which he placed in their cage. 

 McMillan records that they willingly feed upon sweetened water, and that 

 he has "seen those of the second brood feeding upon the yellow flowers of 

 an autumnal c()m])Osite { Grinddut siinto-rot^a ) in the dusk of evening" in 

 Nebraska. The weight of evidence from careful experiments indicate that 

 the moths are not easily attracted to alluring baits of any kind.* 



How long a codling moth lives is not definitely known. In confinement 

 most observers record that they all die in about a week. Washburn con- 

 cluded from his observations that the life of the moths was from ten to fifteen 

 days. One moth lived for seventeen days in one of our cages. 



BRIEF KESUME OF THE LIFE-HISTORY. 



The codling moth appears in the spring about the time the blossoms are 

 falling from apple trees, and, after a few days, glues its tiny scale-like eggs 

 ( see Fig, 131 ) onto the skin of the young fruit, or even the adjacent leaves, 

 where they hatch in about a week. The little ajjjjle worm usually finds its 

 way into the blossom end where it takes its first meal and where it remains 

 feeding for several days, finally eating its way to the core. In about three 

 weeks it gets nearly full-grown and makes an exit tunnel to the surface, 

 closing the outside opening of the tunnel for a few days while it feeds 

 inside. Emerging from the fruit it usually makes its way to the trunk of 

 the tree where it soon spins a cocoon ( Fig. 135 ) under the loose bark.' 

 Usually the first worms to thus spin up in June and July soon transform to 

 pupae (Fig. 13(5), fi'om which the adult insect emerges in about two weeks, 

 and eggs are soon laid from which a second brood of the worms hatch. In 

 most of the more northern portions of the United States only a part of the 

 worms of the first brood pupate or transform to moths the same season, but 

 in the central, western, and southern portions there is a complete second 

 brood, and in some portions even a third brood of worms annually. In the 

 fall all the worms spin cocoons wherever they may be, either in the orchard 

 or in the storerooms, and remain curled up in them as caterpillars until 

 spring opens, when they transform, through the pupa, to the moth, thus 

 completing their yearly life-cycle. 



*A Connecticut correspondent states in the Rural New Yorker for January 9, 1897, 

 that "happening to pass a sweet-bough apple tree one evening in August, where a num- 

 ber of apples, half eaten by the chickens, were lying scattered about, I noticed a kitten 

 busily trying to catch some small object. On investigation 1 discovered that the hall- 

 eaten apples were covered with codling moths. There were thousands of them, appar- 

 ently feeding on the fruit. They were very active when disturbed. I procured a lot of 

 old newspapers, and for half an hour or more I kept several tires burning brightly, 

 while the kitten tuid I stirred them up. I don't think I succeeded in burning as many 

 as the kitten caught. They carefully avoided the tires." 



