APPENDIX. 305 



nddition to other methods of warfare. In the case of a few choice trees in 

 i^ dooryard, it would be a good, practicable plan to gather the "windfalls " 

 by hand every few days and destroy them or feed them out to stock. 



At best, however, the destruction of "windfalls" can be only partially 

 effective against the codling moth. 



TrappuHj the ic()ri)i.-< <m the tree trunk, or the " handiny" method — Upon leav- 

 ing the fruit, the apple worm preferably seeks the shelter of the crevices 

 and loose bark of the trunk of the tree before spinning its cocoon. This 

 fact was known as early as lT4(i, but it was not until nearly a century later 

 that Burrelle, of Massachusetts, discovered that thousands of the insects 

 may be obtained " by winding round or hanging any old cloth in the crotch 

 of the trees, from the time they begin to leave the apple till the time the 

 fruit is gathered. [ think at present the best remedy would be this : In the 

 fall when the insects have crept into the clotb for winter quarters take the 

 cloth from the tree and put it into an oven hot enough to destroy them." 

 Other orchardists soon recorded similar observations, and finally, as a natural 

 outgrowth of Burrelle "s recommendation, Doctor Trimble, after a series of 

 experiments with various "bands," in 1864, devised his famous "hay-rope 

 band." A reduced copy of Doctor Trimble's picture of his hay-rope band in 

 operation is shown in Fig. 144. In forming an ideal place for the apple 

 worms in or under which to spin their cocoons this hay-i-ope band is equal to 

 anything yet devised. 



This "banding system" thus thoroughly inaugurated by Doctor Trimble 

 soon became the principal and most successful method of warfare against 

 this pest. It was largely practiced during the decade between 1870 and 

 1880, in many parts of the United States, especially in Michigan where it is 

 said to have bi-ought about a noticeable improvement in the apples from that 

 state. Extensive experiments have been made since 1869 with bands of 

 various kinds by Riley, LeBaron, Cook, Beal, Chapin, Wickson, Popenoe, 

 Washburn, and Card ; and within the past three or four years, the banding 

 system has received considerable attention in Germany by Schilling. These 

 experimentets differed in their conclusions as to what was the best band to 

 use. Among those found the most practical and successful may be men- 

 tioned common straw wrapping-paper, 18x30, folded lengthwise thrice upon 

 itself ; rags of any kind ; a very effective but rather expensive one was 

 formed by lining- one side of an old piece of sacking, four inches wide, with 

 strips of lath : strips of old carpet ; woollen cloths ; old grainsacks cut into 

 strips; felt paper sold for carpet lining ; and strips of heavy express paper 

 cut on a slight curvature and folded together once ; while Trimble's hay- 

 rope band was found equally effective, -it was not nearly so convenient to 

 make or use and was thus early discarded.* Any of the above bands are 



*In 1870 or 1871 there was patented and put on the market what was known as 



" Wier's shingle trap." It consisted of three shingles, separated for a slight distance 

 and held together by a large screw through their center, by which they were also 

 fastened to the side of a tree. The idea was that the worms in seeking a place to spin 

 upon the trunk of the tree would be allured to these shingles. The trap could be easily 

 detached from the tree and by turning the shingles the lnsect,s between them could be 

 quickly crushed. This trap aroused considerable interest at the time, but careful com- 

 parative tests by Riley and LeBaron soon showed that it was not nearly so efJeclive as 

 almost any kind of a band which went completely around the tree ; and Wier's shingle 

 trap was soon discarded. 

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