APPENDIX. 307 



and as the above facts show, it has been demonstrated that much can be 

 done with bands to reduce the numbers of pest. Yet under the most favor- 

 able circumstances, apparently we cannot hope to capture more than half of 

 the full-g-rown worms with the bands, and then not until they have done 

 their destructive work. In short, with the bands we simply help to reduce 

 the numbers of the succeeding generations of the insect, and thus at the 

 best it is only a partial remedy. However, all who have tested it claim that 

 the method can be practiced with jn-ofit, and it is evident that where there 

 are two full broods or more of the insect we must devise something to supple- 

 ment or take the place of the poison spray. Thus under such circumstances, 

 doubtless the best method of combating the pest, so far as our present know- 

 ledge goes, would be to combine the band treatment with that of the poison 

 spray, to be discussed next. Forbes arrived at the same conclusion in his 

 experiments in Illinois in 188") and 1886, as also did Popenoe, Marlatt, and 

 Mason in their Kansas experiments in 1888 : and experiments now in pro- 

 gress in Nebraska and New Mexico are along these lines. 



SPRAYING FOR THE CODLING MOTH. 



Apparently the first suggestion to spray apple trees to check the codling 

 moth was recorded in 1850 by Mr. Simpson of Massachusetts ( Downing's 

 Horticulturist, IV., 567 ). By placing a thin plate of beeswax over the " eyes ' ' 

 of a number of apples, he found that he saved them from attack by the apple 

 worm. He then reasoned : '' But the plan for practical purposes is to syr- 

 inge the fruit with whitewash : this will fill the eye and thus prevent the 

 moth from laying her egg. " 



About thirty years later the same idea seems to have been conceived by 

 Doctor Hull, of Illinois. He recommended dusting air-slaked lime over the 

 trees just after the blossoms fell, especially when the dew was on. In 1885, 

 Forbes sprayed some apple trees eight times with fresh air-slaked lime 

 mixed in water: the results indicated "the uselessness of this substance 

 against the codling moth." In 1889. Gillette mixed some carbolic acid with 

 plaster and threw this on the trees when the dew was on ; two applications 

 were made "with an apparent saving of thirty-four per cent, of the fruit 

 that would have been wormy." He states that as it simply repels the moths 

 from laying eggs and does not kill the insect, it could hardly be recommended 

 even if it gave much better results. 



Spraying with j^o/.sojks- — In 1872, LeBaron recommended fruit-growers to 

 spray their trees with paris green to check the canker worms, and this 

 method was soon adopted by many orchardists, some of them using white 

 arsenic instead of paris green. In 1878, a practical fruitgrower accidentally 

 discovered that when he sprayed his trees with paris green, he "not only 

 rid the orchard of canker worms, but that the apples on the sprayed part 

 were much less eaten by codling moths." * 



*This fact seems to have been lirst discovered by Mr. E. P. Hayiies. tiien living near 

 Hess Road, Niagara County, New Yorlv. Mr. J. .S. Woodward bad advised him to use 

 the poison for the canker worms, and in January, ISVH, lliis discovery was reported to 

 the meeting of the Western New York Horticultural Society by Mr. \\ oodward. It 

 seems that the Hon.. J. M. Dixon, and others, had al:-o used white arsenic and paris green 

 for canker worms in Iowa as earU- as IsTo, l>ut we can find no indications in the c(»ntem- 

 poraneous horticultural literature that Mr. Dixon realized he had at the sume time 

 checked the codling moth until 1880 (Trans. Iowa Hort. Soc), or after Mr. Woodward 

 had reported his success and it had been confirmed by the careful experiments of Cook 

 in Michigan. It thus seems that to Mr. Haynesand Mr. Woodward belong tlie credit of 

 this pioneer work in the discovery of what has proved to be tlie most successful method 

 of combating the pest yet devised. 



