APPENDIX. 411 



As the season was far advanced before we had access to these papers, we 

 have not repeated these experiments. It is of course desirable that this be 

 done with other varieties and especially with the Baldwin. Meanwhile it 

 seems worth while to summarize our present information reg-arding this 

 spot disease, includin"' Wortmann's and Bschokke's explanation of its causes. 



SUMMARIZED DISCUSSION OF THE BROWN SPOT OF THE APPLE. 



Gharacters — This disease usually appears superficially on the fruit as 

 small sunken browm spots scattered over the surface of the apple, but more 

 abundantly near the eye or apical portion. These spots may appear before 

 maturity, but usually are seen only after the apples have lain in storage 

 some time, and tend thereafter to increase in number and size. The spots 

 usually vary in diameter from two to five millimeters (one-twelfth to one- 

 fifth inch). The superficial spots usually lie immediately underneath the 

 epidermis, which in the earlier stage of their development is unbroken. 

 Upon cutting into such a spot it is found to consist of rather dry, dead and 

 browned tissue, extending into the flesh for a distance about equal to its 

 diameter. Similar areas of dead and brown tissue may occur scattered at 

 various depths in the flesh nearly to the core. Most of the above facts are 

 well illustrated in the accompanying figures. Examination shows the spots 

 to be associated in their disrril)iUion with the occurrence of the vessels 

 (vascular bundles) of the fruit. 



This browned tissue may have a slightly bitter flavor in the older spots,- 

 but this bitterness is not constant and in no case in our observation is it 

 very decided. 



Occurrence — The trouble is of widespread occurrence both in Europe and 

 in America. It is worse on some kinds of apples than on others ; and upon 

 the same kind its occurrence varies with climatic or cultural conditions, and 

 probably with those of storage. Wortmann states that large, sappy varieties 

 and specimens are most liable to spot. 



The variety pre-eminently subject to it in the northeastern United States 

 is the Baldwin. It has already been stated that it is of frequent occurrence 

 on Northei'n Spy in Vermont and not rare on Greenings. Selby records the 

 occurrence of the Baldwin spot in Ohio and also that of a brown spot on 

 Northern Spy and other varieties.* Craigt reports it as occurring in the 

 following varieties in Canada : Baldwin, Ben Davis, Fameuse, Golden 

 Reinette, Golden Russet, Hurlbut, Lawver, Malinda, Northern Spy, Orange 

 Winter, Patten Greening, Plumb Cider, Princess Louise, Rawle's Janet, 

 Canada Red, Romna, Salome, Seedling, Seek-no-further, Simbirsk No. 4, 

 Silken Leaf, Talman, Winter Bough, AVinter Rose. 



Wortmann records the trouble as occuring in varying degrees upon numer- 

 ous varieties in Europe as follows : Red Reinette, Golderling, Woltman's 

 Reinette, Hawthornden, Winter Pearman, Landsburger Reinette, Stettin, 

 Dantziger. 



* Ohio Sta. Bui. 79, p. 134-135, (1897). 



+ Canada Exp. Farms, Rpt. 10, p. 172, (1896). 



