APPENDIX, 



435 



necessary for the orig-inator of a new sort of apples to give any thought to 

 the question of fixing that type so it maybe reproduced from seed; the 

 method of reproducing the sort does not enter as a factor in his efforts to 

 secure the desired variation. Grafting or budding has settled that long 

 ago, but were it otherwise horticulturists would be studying different 

 problems and the nurseryman would be more of a scientist than a manu- 

 facturer. 



Cleft Gh-aft — This style of graft is particularly adapted to large trees when 

 for any reason it becomes necessary to change the vari- 

 ety. Branches too large to be worked by any of the 

 methods hereafter described can be grafted by this 

 method. 



A branch one or one and one-half inches in diame- 

 ter is severed with a saw. A second cut should gener- 

 ally be made a few inches below the first one, in order 

 that the bark shall not be loosened from any portion 

 of the stub. Split the exposed end with a broad, thin 

 chisel or implement, such as shown in Fig. XVII ; then 

 with a wedge or the wedge-shaped prong at the end of 

 the grafting tool, spread the split stock so the scions 

 shown at Fig. XVIII may be in- 

 serted. The completed operation 

 is shown at Fig. XIX. 



The scion should consist of a 

 portion of the previous season's 

 growth of the variety to be prop- 

 agated, and long enough to have two or three buds. 

 In general, it is a good plan to cut the scion so that the m 



basal or proximal bud shall be located just at the base 

 of the opening of the triangle formed in cutting the 

 scion into the wedge shape necessary in this style of 

 graft. The situation of the bud is shown at a, Fig. '<(!]] 

 XVIII. In addition to the advantage of having the 

 proximal bud located as above described, the wedge of 

 the scion should be made thicker on the side to face 

 outward when the scion is in position as shown at h, Fig. 

 XVIII. The advantage of this will be noted from Fig. 



XX, which shows how the pressure of the stock is lj0^ £ j^ 



brought upon the outer growing parts of both scion and Fig. xvill. 



stock, whereas, were the scion thicker on the inner side, the conditions would 

 be reversed and the death of the scion would follow ; there would be no flow 

 of sap from stock to scion, as the contact would be between 

 heart- wood and growing wood, instead of between two grow- 

 ing layers. The importance of having- an intimate connec- 

 tion between the growing tissues of both scion and stock can- 

 not be too strongly emphasized, for upon this alone the suc- 

 cess of grafting depends. To make this contact of the grow- 

 ing portions doubly certain, the scion is often set at a slight angle with the 



XIX. 



