440 REPORT OF STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 



root into the bud, and since the root itself had not been disturbed by trans- 

 planting-, a more vigorous growth usually results from the bud than from 

 scions in whip or crown-grafting. 



The one objection to budding is that it causes an unsightly crook in the 

 body of the tree, unless the tree is planted deeply enough in the orchard to 

 cover the deformity. In rigorous climates, where trees upon tender roots 

 are likely to suffer from severe winters, a bud of a hardy sort upon a tender 

 root is no hardier than the root, because budding leaves a portion of the 

 stock exposed above the surface of the soil and thus precludes the possibility 

 of the development of roots from the portion above the bud : while a piece 

 root grafted tree with a long scion is practically the same as a tree propa- 

 gated from a cutting, as the scion will strike root and the new plant will be 

 upon its own root. In regions where severe winters do not enter as a factor, 

 there is undoubtedly a number of reasons why budding will be the most 

 desirable method of reproducing horticultural varieties. 



PRUNING AT PLANTING TIME. 



As has already been remarked, the ease of after training of a tree is, to a 

 great extent, determined by the treatment it has received during its life in 

 the nursery. Important as this early training is, the care and management 

 of the tree at and after planting time more emphatically determines its 

 value to the orchardist. 



The growth made during the first three years by young trees transplanted 

 from the nursery, to a large measure, determine the later value of the or- 

 chard as a fruit producer, as well as the length of its life. Aside from cul- 

 tivation, there is no one operation connected with the maintenance of young 

 trees vvliich so largely determines these after conditions as pruning. 



Just here it is pertinent to make a distinction between pruning and 

 trimming. 



Pruning is the removal of dead or superfluous parts, or cutting to correct 

 a bad habit of growth. 



Trimming is the removal of parts, in order to induce growth in a certain 

 direction, so that the plant may be made to assume a form different to that 

 natural to it. 



Pruning is practiced by the orchardist in removing crossing twigs, 

 shortening or heading in peaches, etc. : while trimming is what the vine- 

 yardist practices when he cuts his vines into desired form, in order that he 

 may train them in a given manner. Another example of trimming, by far 

 too common in this country, is the fantastically shaped evergreens and 

 hedges of various sorts. 



Pruning is a corrective art, while trimming is directive. At planting 

 time both these operations are brought to bear upon the young tree. The 

 roots are pruned, all broken and torn portions are cut away, any dead or 

 superfluous parts are also removed. The top, however, frequently requires 

 severe trimming. The balance between root area and the number of 

 branches, as well as their extent, should be carefully guarded. It is better 

 to err on the side of too little top expanse, than on the side of too small a 



