APPENDIX. 453 



limits of Poi'tland. The wood is soft but sti'aight-grained and makes a fair 

 quality of lumber, but in the presence of so man}' other trees of superior 

 quality it is only used to a limited extent. The bark is usually whitish-gray 

 in color, thin, and, containing a large amount of gum, makes the tree an 

 easy prey to forest fires. Cones, narrow, two to three inches long. 



Range — Northern California to British Columbia along the coast to 

 north latitude 51°. 



Use — Box lumber, paper pulp, and shooks. 



WHITE FIR. 

 (A. concolor (Gord.) Parry.) 



Has a more eastern and more alpine range than the great silver tir, and 

 is capable of enduring a drier climate. In fact it is almost exclusively 

 found to the southward and eastward of the region occupied by the latter. 

 Being more alpine it is of slower growth and the wood is closer grained. 

 The bark is much thicker and usually whitish, thus originating the common 

 name "White Fir." 



Ramje — Mexico (Lower California) and Arizon, north to the Columbia 

 River and eastward to the Rocky Mountains. Occurs in the Blue Moun- 

 tains, Eastern Oregon. 



I 'se — Lumber. 



PALE-LEAF WHITE FIK. 

 (.4. concolor lowiana (Murr.) Lcminon.) 



A variety of the last-named species and closely allied to it, but having a 

 more southern habitat and limited range and growing to a larger size. The 

 leaves also are more up-curved than on the white fir, and the bark is darker 

 and thicker. The wood is entirely free from pitch and more scentless than 

 that of the other firs, consequently it is desirable for many economic 

 purposes. 



Range — California to Southern Oregon. 



I'se — Lumber, butter boxes, firkins, etc. 



AMABILLIS FIR. 



( .1. (tmdhUlix ( I.oiid.) Forbes.) 



Subalpine in habitat, ranging from five hundred feet in the Coast Range 

 uj) to seven thousand feet or more in the southern part of the Cascades. At 

 minimum and lower elevations it attains a large size, and makes fair lumber 

 wherever accessible. A curious fact in connection with its altitudinal range 

 is that it occurs at a lower elevation than the noble fir in the Coast Range, 

 and at a higher elevation than the latter in the Cascade Range. Leaves, two- 

 I'aukedand flat, somewhat resembling the foliage of A. yrandis-, cones, 

 medium-sized, three to four inches long. 



Ranye^Northern California to Salmon River and the valley of the 

 Fraser, British Columbia, north latitude 5.3°. and eastward to Montana. 



Use — Lumber, fuel. etc. 



