114 Appendix. 



is as distinctly marked as the passing from a warm room to the open air on a 

 frosty morning. Such places, hollows, or pockets, into which cold air may settle 

 jind remain with little or no motion, are death traps, not alone for the apple, 

 luu for Iriiit trees in general. Though the soils in such places may be good and 

 deep and water drainage of the l)est, yet Is the site deficient in one of the most im- 

 portant elemental features of a site — air drainage. It is as imperative to keep still 

 cold air away from the tree's head as it is to keep stagnant water away from 

 its feet. 



For Ihe home orcliard it may lie impractii able to phint upon an ideal site, 

 so far as water drainage is concerned. In such an event, means for artificial drain- 

 age may be employed. Tiling easily ranks first for tills purpose, and if laid at a 

 depth of four to five and one-half feet and twenty to forty feet apart, correspond- 

 ing with the distance apart of the rows, a measurably good system of drainage 

 may be provided, but it cannot be expected to take the place of natural drainage, 

 foi- it is (juite impracticable to put the tile twelve or more feet deep, to which 

 depth it is desirable that the roots may have access without being subject to 

 standing water. 



SITE, AS TO .VSl'KCT. 



Aspect is scmetimes impoi'tant if the locality is liable to late frosts, a north- 

 ern aR])ect is to be preferred, as the trees will start later on such a site; if there 

 is no danger from late fi-osts, as ne:ir large bodies of water, then a southern as- 

 pect is probably the best, as it gives a higher color and finer flavored fruit. — 

 JUiilci/, I'ichl .Vo/c.s oil .\pi)lc C 1(11 lire, IS'.):',. 



The apple as cultivated in the open .-lir is f<iund in all exposures, yet those 

 of the south are not expedient in cold or dry situations. A northern exposure 

 for certain noncolored varieties gives a good iiroduct. notably with ('anada Keinette. 

 For the varieties which must be colored, a sunny exposure, east, south or west is 

 to lie preferred. — /V/.s-.s-//, .{rh'iriniltiirr Fruit irrr. 



A gentle eastern fir northeastern slope, as a rule, is the most desirable for 

 an apple orciiard site. Init this ma.y vary with the section. — Brockett. 



I'erliaps the very best iispect on the whole is a gentle slope to the southwest, 

 hecatise in such jtositions the trees when in Itlossom are somewhat protected from 

 the liad effects of a morning sun after spring frosts. But. to remedy this more 

 perfectly, it is sometimes the practice to plant on the north side of hills, and this 

 is an effectual way where e;irly frosts are fatal, and where the season is long and 

 warm enough to riijen the fruit in any exposure. 



DeeiJ valleys with small streams of water are the worst situations for fruit 

 trees, as the cold air settles in these valleys on I'alm, frosty nights, and buds 

 and blossoms are fre(iuently destroyed. t)n the other hand, the borders of largo 

 rivers or inl;ind lakes are the most favoralile, as the climate is rendered milder 

 l)y large bodies of water. And then the slight fog rising from the water in the 

 morning softens the rays of the sun, thus gradtially dissolving the frost and pre- 

 venting the damage that might otherwise occur from sudden thawing, — Doicning, 

 Fruit Trees (if A iiicricd. 1 88S. 



The warmer exjxisure of a southern slope may, and often does, favor the 

 premature swelling of the buds and starting of the sap during mild, pleasant, and 

 bright early spring weather, and vegetation is often seriously injured from this 

 catise. Some planters, however, prefer a southern slope, thinking that the fullest 

 exposure to the sun is essential : others select a northern aspect, in the hope that 

 they may there avoid a too early excitation of vegetable life, and also that the 

 heats of summer may l)e thus moderated. In my own oi)inion. the aspect is a mat- 

 ter of little conse(iuence to the success of .-in orchard, though my predilections are 

 in favor of an easterly exposure. The dangers of a southern aspect in summer, 

 and the advantage of ii northern slope may, in a great degree, be obviated or ol)- 

 tained by judicifnis planting and pruning. In many parts of the country it is 

 much more imixirt.ant to consider the exposure with reference to the prevailing 

 winds of the region, and to select the site and aspect that will insure protection. — 

 U'</*v/r'/-. .{incriraii I'oiikiUih)/. I.SHT. See Figs Da and ".'b. 



Tlie ;isi)ect of a fruit i)lantation exerts great influence upon the temperature 

 of the soil and upon tlie force of tlie winds, and it therefore liecomes an emphatic 

 problem in the location of an orchard. There is great diversity of opinion respecting 

 the proper exposure of fruits, some growers contending that the northward slope 

 is always the l)est, and others preferring a southward exposure. The truth is that 

 no one "exposure is best in all cases. Much depends upon the location and the par- 

 ticular environment of the plantation. In locations adjoining bodies of water, the 

 best slope is toward the water : in interior and frosty regions the best slope would 

 he a north or west one if not so pronounced as to retard the autumn growth ; if 

 one desires early or high colored fruit, a warm, sunny exposure to the southward 

 nr southeastward would be best. — Bailey, rriiieiple.s of Fruit Growing, 1807. 



