158 



Appendix. 



ment stations of the country (See page — ). In reality the trade values of most 

 of the plant-foods in Oregon are somewhat higher than in some of the centrally 

 located Eastern States ; notwithstanding this fact, if we assign the Eastern trade 

 values to the plant-food contained in Oregon farm waste products, we And that 

 they have approximately the following values per ton : 



Material 



Horse manure (liquid). 

 Horse manure (solid) __ 

 Cow manure (liquid).— 



Cow manure (solid) 



Sheep manure (liquid). 

 .Sheep manure (solid) — 



Pig manure (liquid) 



Pig manure (solid) 



Fowls 



Mixed stable manure.. 



Straw, wheat 



Htraw, rye 



•Straw, oat 



.Straw, barley 



Ashes, wood-^ 



Nitrogen(N) 

 per cent 



1..5.J 

 .51 

 .81 

 .36 



1.9-5 

 .74 

 .43 

 .52 



1.19 

 .50 

 .53 

 .45 

 .55 

 .83 



Phoxphoric 



acid {PiOi) 



per cent 



.22 



.15 

 .01 

 .27 

 .07 

 .30 



1.16 

 .25 

 .17 

 .26 

 .25 

 .23 



1.70 



Potash(KoO) 

 per cent 



1 



50 



44 



.92 



.07 



2.26 



.41 



.83 



.36 



.76 



.50 



.57 



.83 



1.35 



1.41 



6.00 



Value jyer 

 ton 



8 6 15 



2 19 



3 35 



1 30 

 8 12 



2 90 



2 19 



3 54 

 5 49 

 2 25 

 2 3:^ 



2 44 



3 25 



4 13 

 7 70 



According to carefully conducted scientific experiments, the excrement, liquid 

 and solid, from one animal for a year has approximately the following values : 

 Horse. $22.00 to .$27.00 ; cow, .$28.00 to .$35.00 ; sheep, if 2.00 to $2.50 ; pig, $1.00 

 to $3.00. 



Enormous losses occur annually due to bad handling of the farm wastes. 

 One of the best methods of caring for farm manures is to haul them out shortly 

 after they have been made and spread them broadcast upon the land. If 

 manure is thrown in piles it many times heats and becomes "fire-fanged." 

 This slow burning of the manure destroys much of its value. The odor 

 of ammonia about the manure heap, indicating a loss of nitrogen, shows 

 that the method of caring for the manure is poor. 



The liquid portion of the manure is most valuable and should be saved, 

 and yet the general practice is to pay little or no attention to this portion. 

 It pays to use straw, litter, dry earth, muck or peat as an absorbant for this 

 valuable liquid portion of the manure. Manure should never be piled under 

 the eaves trough. 



Do not burn the straw pile. — It is the custom in many sections of the 

 State to burn the straw in order to get rid of it. By so doing all the nitro-* 

 gen and organic matter contained in the straw are destroyed and lost to 

 the farmer. These losses represent many thousands of dollars annually. It 

 is far better to use a straw as litter and as an absorbent about the barn and 

 sheds as mulching and as a rendezvous for stock where they can pick it 

 over and tramp it to pieces, so that it can be more easily handled and worked 

 into the soil. 



^yood Ashes. — Every pound of wood ashes which is made on the farm is 

 valuable and should be carefully saved. Do not let it accumulate in open 

 boxes or barrels exposed to the rains, because its valuable constituent, potash, 

 is easily leached out. Keep the ashes dry until ready for use. 



It is a bad practice to mix wood ashes with any of the farm manures 

 because the action of the lye in the ashes is to decompose the ammonia 

 compounds of the manure and thus liberate the most valuable plant food 

 element, nitrogen, in the form of ammonia gas. 



Trade Values of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. — The commercial 

 values of the materials which are used as fertilizers, depend upon several 

 conditions, such as cost of production, supply and demand, etc. It is the cus- 



