186 Appendix. 



from 80 per cent to 90 per cent of their crop by giving from five to six sprayings 

 each season, at intervals of from two to* tliree weeks, the first spraying being 

 given immediately after the blosoms have fallen, as in the East. This one spray- 

 ing is not sufficient, however, for it is the later broods which do the most damage. 

 Arsenite of soda, in several formulas, is the material most commonly used. 

 Spraying Is usually supplemented by banding the trees. One large grower 

 reports that he has trapped 4,000 codling moths in one season under the bands 

 of 750 trees. Many growers now thin their apples so that no two fruits touch 

 each other. When the fruits touch, the spray does not get in, but the moth does. 

 The thinning of apples is coming to be recognized as a profitable orchard practice 

 in the Northwest, and it is one which many eastern growers might follow to 

 advantage. 



All through the inland region pear blight has been a terrible scourge. A 

 conservative estimate is that 7o per cent of all the pear trees in this region 

 have been ruined by blight within the past six years. I'ear growers are greati.v 

 discouraged at the outlook. The probability is, however, that the disease ha.s 

 now exhausted Its pristine virulence, and will not again be so uncontrollable. 

 This seems to be the history of a great many insects and diseases in all parts of 

 the country. 



The orchards of the inland uplands are favored with comijarative freedom 

 from injurious insects and diseases, excei)t pear blight. Apple scab, codling moth, 

 and San .lose scale are present to a limited extent. The dry summers are nijt 

 favorable for the growth of fungous diseases, and the cool nights and sh>.irt 

 seasons are supposed to limit insect development. Although the upland orchard- 

 ists cannot expect complete immunity from insects and diseases, as many have 

 hopefully predicted, it is quite certain that they will not be as seriously troubled 

 with them as the fruitgrowers in other sections of the Northwest. 



(4.) Vavirtic.^. In the selection of varieties the Coast Region and the Inland 

 Regions are again in marked contrast. This is practically true of the apple, which 

 is practically the only fruit grown commercially in all sections of the Northwest : 

 peaches, pears, prunes and cherries are of more restricted and local culture. 

 The varieties of apples most commonly found in Coast Region orchards are 

 Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Northern 

 Spy, Wintsap, Newton, Pippin, Grimes" Golden. Bellflower and Ben Davis. Except 

 for tlie last named variety, we at once recognize these as tlie old-time favorites 

 which we find in the orchards of the northei'n and middle Atlantic States. They 

 seem to be peculiarly adapted to seaboard conditions. Itarely are they equally suc- 

 cessful in inland orchards. 



In the orchards of both the Inland Valleys and Inland Tplands, the varieties 

 most commonly found are Ben Davis, <Jano. Rome Beauty, .Tonathan, Arkansas, 

 Lawver, Missouri Pippin, Blue Pearmain and Wagener. The last named variety 

 is used principally as a filler. Ben Davis is undoubtedly the leading commercial 

 variety of the Northwest today, but Rome Beauty is probably being planted now 

 more than any other. There seems to be a growing tendency in the Northwest 

 to disparage tlie extensive planting of Ben Davis for use at all seasons and in 

 all markets. Many eastern buyers now require that at least 00 per cent of a car- 

 load of apples be varieties other than Ben I>avis ; whereas they formerly accepted 

 carloads which were 7.') per cent Ben Davis. It is now recommended that not over 

 a fourth of tlie total orchard area be Ben Davis, and that this variety be re- 

 stricted to two uses : first, for late winter and early spring use, when most of the 

 higher quality varieties are gone ; second, for shipping to distant niarets and to 

 countries with trying climates, where few other varieties will keep. It is felt that 

 this variety should not be brought into competition with earlier and better quality 

 varieties. It may be said that northwestern Ben Davis are not quite as good to 

 eat as Ozark Ben Davis. However they have the same "delightful sawdust flavor."* 



The Northwest has brought forth several varieties of more than local value. 

 Among these may be mentioned the Bing, Olympia, I^amliert. Black Republican 

 and Iloskins cliei-ries ; the Palouse, Whitman, Yakima, Spokane and Coos River 



