Insecticides and Fungicides. 235 



storage steamers through all climes and to every land, and so will our fresh 

 fruits. Tramp steamers which are now traversing our seas in every direction, 

 seeking cargoes from everywhere to anywhere, will crowd our docks, eager to 

 carry our fresh fruits to the markets of the world, and competition will make 

 freights low enough to allow a good margin to the grower. 



Those having orchards, or who are now planting, or contemplate planting, 

 will certainly be largely benefited when this great canal, this missing link, this 

 national maritime highway, which is an imperative necessity for the Pacific 

 Northwest, opening to the Mexican Gulf, to the entire Mississippi Valley and 

 the States on the Atlantic seaboard, not only the reciprocal interchange among 

 ourselves, but the whole commercial world, shall be completed, the practica- 

 bility of which is conceded by all who have given the question any thought. 



A properly planted out apple orchard, considering the best marketable 

 varieties, and all other essential elements entering into it to make it a success, 

 yes, even a prune orchard as a good second, offers today a better field for in- 

 vestment of money and brains than any other commercial enterprise, with the 

 additional advantage of living close to nature, as our Creator intended for us 

 to live, with its outdoor, healthful, live-giving exercise and ideal existence. 



Oregon offers all these advantages and is capable of furnishing happy and 

 contented homes in regions of beautiful and majestic landscape, and unsur- 

 passed climate for millions of people, and which in our just estimation will be 

 the richest operating field of the brain and sinew of the rising generation, 

 the yeomen of our national supremacy. Let it be remembered that a happy 

 and prosperous citizenship is the controlling force and the reserve power of our 

 government, and all that contributes to the general welfare and happiness of 

 the citizens, strengthens the bulwarks of our enduring nationality. 



INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 



By Prof. A B. CoedleYj Entomologist, Oregan Agricultural Experiment Station. 

 Brief directions for their preparation and use, including spraying, dusting, 

 fumigating, etc. 



INTRODUCTION. 



None of the crops of orchard, garden or field ; none of our domestic animals ; 

 practically none of our food product, household effects or wearing apparel but are 

 subject to the ravages of insects or fungi, or both. Even man, himself, is subject 

 to great personal annoyance and even disease by these ever present agencies. 



The financial losses caused by such ravages are enormous. Sonie years ago. 

 Dr. C. V. Riley, at that time the greatest authority on economic entomology, 

 estimated the average annual loss in the United States from the ravages of in- 

 sects alone at not less than 10 per cent of the total value of all crops grown — 

 a tax upon agriculture much greater than the combined levies for the support 

 of schools and the maintenance of our municipal, county, state and national 

 governments. The estimate is none too high. I have observed that a tax levied 

 by insects or fungi which does not greatly exceed 10 per cent of the value of the 

 crop rarely attracts attention. A loss of 25, 50 or 75 per cent is necessary to 

 awaken us to a realization of the fact that something is wrong. 



Much of this loss can be prevented — the tax levy can be reduced — some of 

 it by proper agricultural practices, some by the selection of resistant varieties 

 of the crops to be grown, some by the intelligent use of insecticides and fungi- 

 cides. 



