240 Appendix. 



Slake the lime thoroughly, add the sulphur, cover with water, and boil 

 briskly for at least an hour. Then add the salt and boil 15 or 20 minutes 

 longer. Add water to make 150 gallons. Apply with considerable force through 

 a coarse nozzle while still warm. The results of a number of experiments indi- 

 cate that the salt adds nothing to the efficiency of this spray. 



11. Lime, Sulphur and Copper Sulphate. 



Copper sulphate is sometimes used in place of the salt in the formula, 

 which is then as follows : 



I^ime ^^ pounds 



Sulphur 50 pounds 



Copper sulphate 8 to 10 pounds 



Water 150 gallons 



This is prepared in tlie same manner as No. 10, is equally effective as a 

 remedy for San Jose scale, and may be slightly more efficient as a fungicide. 

 Further experiments are necessary to determine whether the salt or the copper 

 sulphate add anything to the efficiency of tlie sprays. 



12. Whale-Oil Soap and Quassia. 



Strong soap suds made from any good soap are useful for destroying soft- 

 bodied insects like plant-lice. It is usual, however, to employ for this purpose 

 special soaps made with fish-oils and sold as whale-oil soaps. These vary con- 

 siderably in composition, some being made witli soda, others with potash lye. 

 The latter are much superior and buyers should insist on having potash soaps. 



For scale-insects, whale-oil soap is sometimes used in as concentrated a 

 solution as two pounds of soap to one gallon of water, but only upon dormant 

 plants. As a remedy for the various plant-lice one pound of soap to eight or 

 ten gallons of water is usually sufficient. Hopgrowers are inclined to believe 

 tliat better results are obtained, when spraying for hop-lice, by adding some 

 quassia decoction to the soap solution, as follows : 



Whale-oil soap 1^ pounds 



Quassia 5 pounds 



Water 100 gallons 



Place the quassia chips in a sack, cover with eight or ten gallons of water 

 and soak twelve to twenty-four hours. Then bring to a boil, remove the chips, 

 add the soap and boil until it is dissolved. Add water to make one hundred 

 gallons. If preferred the grower may prepare his own whale-oil soap after 

 the following formula : 



Potash lye 1 pound 



Fish-oil 3 pints 



Water 2 gallons 



Dissolve the lye in the water. When boiling hot add the oil and boil about 

 two hours. Add water to make two gallons. Each pound of the soap thus 

 made should be dissolved in eight or ten gallons of water. It will be found a 

 satisfactory remedy for hop-lice and other soft-bodied insects. 



13 Kerosene Emulsion. 



Kerosene oil, or coal oil, is a powerful insecticide. The undiluted oil is. 

 however, liable to seriously injure plants to which it is applied. This dif- 

 ficulty is overcome by using one of the special spray pumps which have been 

 devised for the purpose of mixing the oil with water in any desired proportion : 

 or by forming an emulsion with some substance that may be readily diluted 

 with water. Soap is most commonly used for this purpose, as follows : 



Kerosene oil 2 gallons 



Hard soap (preferably whale-oil ) ¥> pound 



Water 1 gallon 



